Sporting megaevents and soft power: the use of sport as a tool of power by States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2021v18n2p58-65Keywords:
Sport, International Relations, Soft PowerAbstract
This paper analyzes the uses of sports as an instrument of power by States. Citing as examples mega sporting events such as the 1936 Olympics and the 2014 World Cup, aims to understand how States use sport as a platform for international projection and a way of soft power.
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References
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ALLISON, Lincoln. The Global Politics of Sport: The role of global institutions in sport. Londres; New York: Routledge, 2005.
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BASSO, Murilo. Haverá legado olímpico para as relações diplomáticas entre as Coreias? Gazeta do Povo, 23 fev. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br> Acesso em: 11 ago. 2019.
BITTNEROVÁ, Andrea. The Olympic Games as a Political Tool: Case Study Beijing 2008. Brno, República Tcheca. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Masaryk University, 2009
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COMITÊ OLÍMPICO INTERNACIONAL [Internet]. Olympic Medals. Disponível em: https://www.olympic.org/olympic-medals. Acesso em: 28 mai. 2021.
CROS, Bernard. Managing racial diversity: Positional segregation in South African rugby union in the post-apartheid era. Caderno de Estudos Africanos, n. 26, p. 153-176, 2013. Disponível em: https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1154. Acesso em: 08 out. 2019.
FENDRICK, Amanda. Why not Africa? An Exploration of the Correlation between International Sporting Events and Development. Boulder, Estados Unidos. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2013. Disponível em: http://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses/347/. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2019.
FERREIRA, Tiago Barros. Soberania Nacional e a Lei Geral da Copa. Brasília. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2012.
GORDON, Robert S.C.; LONDON, John. Italy 1934: Football and Fascism. In: Tomlinson, A.; Young, C. National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup. New York: State University of New York Press, p. 41-65, 2006.
GRIX, Jonathan; LEE, Donna. Soft Power, Sports Mega-Events and Emerging States: The Lure of the Politics of Attraction. Global Society, p. 521-536, 2013.
HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. Sports and politics in the 1980s: The Olympic strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74–97, 2012a.
HOWIE, Thomas. Exploring the Role of Sport in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. Sportanddev.org, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.sportanddev.org/en/article/news/exploring-role-sport-conflict-resolution-and-peacebuilding. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2019.
HUANG, Yanzhong; DING, Sheng. Dragon’s underbelly: An analysis of China’s soft power. East Asia, v. 23, n. 4, p. 22-44, 2006.
JARVIE, Grant; THORNTON, James. Sport, Culture and Society. Londres: Routledge, 2012.
JESUS, Diego Santos Vieira de. Juntos num só ritmo? Diplomacia e Esporte Internacional. Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte, v. 7, n. 2, jul-dez, p. 1-37, 2014. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/Recorde/article/viewFile/1301/1501. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2019.
KELLY, William W.; BROWNWELL, Susan. The Olympics in East Asia. Nationalism, Regionalism and Globalism on the Centre Stage of World Sports. New Haven: Yale University, 2011.
KEYS, Barbara. Soviet Sport and Transnational Mass Culture in the 1930s. Journal of Contemporary History, v. 38. n. 3, p. 413-434, 2003. Disponível em: http://blogs.bu.edu/ghm/files/2013/04/Keys-2003-Soviet-Sport-and-Transnational-Mass-Culture-in-the.pdf. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2019.
KOBIERECKI, Michał Marcin. Sport in International Relations: Expectations, Possibilities and Effects. International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, v. 15, n. 1, p. 49-74, 2013.
LIMA, Samantha et al. Entenda a polêmica sobre os protestos nas arenas olímpicas. Época, 10 ago. 2016 Disponível em: https://epoca.globo.com/esporte/olimpiadas/noticia/2016/08/entenda-polemica-sobre-os-protestos-nas-arenas-olimpicas.html. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.
LUCAS, John A. Future of the Olympics Games. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1992.
MEIHY, Murilo; SOUZA, Luana. O esporte como ferramenta política e diplomática: o caso do boicote americano às Olimpíadas de Moscou (1980). FuLiA, v. 2, n. 3, set.-dez, p. 147-159, 2017.
MILLER, Toby et al. Globalization and sport - Playing the world. Londres: Sage, 2011.
MILLINGTON, Rob; DARNELL, Simon R. Constructing and contesting the Olympics online: the internet, Rio 2016 and the politics of Brazilian development. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 49, n. 2, p. 190-210, 2014.
NAURIGHT, John. 2004. Global Games: Culture, Political Economy and Sport in the Globalized World of the 21st Century. Third World Quarterly, v. 25, n. 7, p. 1325-1336, 2004.
NYE, Joseph Samuel. Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
PIRES, Gustavo. O Olimpismo hoje. De uma diplomacia do silêncio para uma diplomacia silenciosa. O caso das duas Chinas. Rev. Port. Cien. Desp., n. 9, v. 2, 159–195, 2009.
POUND, Richard W. Inside the Olympics. Etobicoke, Ontario: J. Wiley&Sons, 2004.
RIORDAN, Jim. Introduction. Sport and International Politics. Londres; New York: E&FN SPON, p. 1-3, 2003.
SMITH, David. Francois Pienaar: 'When the whistle blew, South Africa changed forever'. The Guardian, 08 dez. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup. Acesso em: 08 out. 2019.
SUPPO, Hugo. Reflexões sobre o Lugar do Esporte nas Relações Internacionais. Contexto Internacional, v. 34, n. 2, jul-dez., p. 397-433, 2013.
WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel. 2009. The Olympics and geopolitics. Commentary n. 267. 15 out. 2009. Disponível em: https://iwallerstein.com/the-olympics-and-geopolitics/. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2019.
YOUNG, David; ABRAHAMS, Harold Maurice. Olympic Games. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com/sports/Olympic-Games. Acesso em: 02 jun. 2020.
ALLISON, Lincoln. The Global Politics of Sport: The role of global institutions in sport. Londres; New York: Routledge, 2005.
BARBANTI, Valdir. O que é esporte? Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, n. 1, v. 11, 2006.
BASSO, Murilo. Haverá legado olímpico para as relações diplomáticas entre as Coreias? Gazeta do Povo, 23 fev. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br> Acesso em: 11 ago. 2019.
BITTNEROVÁ, Andrea. The Olympic Games as a Political Tool: Case Study Beijing 2008. Brno, República Tcheca. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Masaryk University, 2009
BOYACIOĞLU, Fuat; OĞUZ, Ahmet Gürsel. The Role of Sports in International Relations. Relationes Internationales, Acta Universitatis Danubius, v. 9, n. 1, 2016. Disponível em:http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/internationalis/article/view/3442/3548>. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.
BRASIL [Internet]. Lei n. 12.663 de 5 de junho de 2012. Dispõe sobre as medidas relativas à Copa das Confederações FIFA 2013, à Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 e à Jornada Mundial da Juventude - 2013, que serão realizadas no Brasil; altera as Leis n. 6.815, de 19 de agosto de 1980, e 10.671, de 15 de maio de 2003; e estabelece concessão de prêmio e de auxílio especial mensal aos jogadores das seleções campeãs do mundo em 1958, 1962 e 1970. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12663.htm. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.
COMITÊ OLÍMPICO INTERNACIONAL [Internet]. Olympic Medals. Disponível em: https://www.olympic.org/olympic-medals. Acesso em: 28 mai. 2021.
CROS, Bernard. Managing racial diversity: Positional segregation in South African rugby union in the post-apartheid era. Caderno de Estudos Africanos, n. 26, p. 153-176, 2013. Disponível em: https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1154. Acesso em: 08 out. 2019.
FENDRICK, Amanda. Why not Africa? An Exploration of the Correlation between International Sporting Events and Development. Boulder, Estados Unidos. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2013. Disponível em: http://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses/347/. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2019.
FERREIRA, Tiago Barros. Soberania Nacional e a Lei Geral da Copa. Brasília. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2012.
GORDON, Robert S.C.; LONDON, John. Italy 1934: Football and Fascism. In: Tomlinson, A.; Young, C. National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup. New York: State University of New York Press, p. 41-65, 2006.
GRIX, Jonathan; LEE, Donna. Soft Power, Sports Mega-Events and Emerging States: The Lure of the Politics of Attraction. Global Society, p. 521-536, 2013.
HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. Sports and politics in the 1980s: The Olympic strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74–97, 2012a.
HOWIE, Thomas. Exploring the Role of Sport in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. Sportanddev.org, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.sportanddev.org/en/article/news/exploring-role-sport-conflict-resolution-and-peacebuilding. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2019.
HUANG, Yanzhong; DING, Sheng. Dragon’s underbelly: An analysis of China’s soft power. East Asia, v. 23, n. 4, p. 22-44, 2006.
JARVIE, Grant; THORNTON, James. Sport, Culture and Society. Londres: Routledge, 2012.
JESUS, Diego Santos Vieira de. Juntos num só ritmo? Diplomacia e Esporte Internacional. Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte, v. 7, n. 2, jul-dez, p. 1-37, 2014. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/Recorde/article/viewFile/1301/1501. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2019.
KELLY, William W.; BROWNWELL, Susan. The Olympics in East Asia. Nationalism, Regionalism and Globalism on the Centre Stage of World Sports. New Haven: Yale University, 2011.
KEYS, Barbara. Soviet Sport and Transnational Mass Culture in the 1930s. Journal of Contemporary History, v. 38. n. 3, p. 413-434, 2003. Disponível em: http://blogs.bu.edu/ghm/files/2013/04/Keys-2003-Soviet-Sport-and-Transnational-Mass-Culture-in-the.pdf. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2019.
KOBIERECKI, Michał Marcin. Sport in International Relations: Expectations, Possibilities and Effects. International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, v. 15, n. 1, p. 49-74, 2013.
LIMA, Samantha et al. Entenda a polêmica sobre os protestos nas arenas olímpicas. Época, 10 ago. 2016 Disponível em: https://epoca.globo.com/esporte/olimpiadas/noticia/2016/08/entenda-polemica-sobre-os-protestos-nas-arenas-olimpicas.html. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2019.
LUCAS, John A. Future of the Olympics Games. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1992.
MEIHY, Murilo; SOUZA, Luana. O esporte como ferramenta política e diplomática: o caso do boicote americano às Olimpíadas de Moscou (1980). FuLiA, v. 2, n. 3, set.-dez, p. 147-159, 2017.
MILLER, Toby et al. Globalization and sport - Playing the world. Londres: Sage, 2011.
MILLINGTON, Rob; DARNELL, Simon R. Constructing and contesting the Olympics online: the internet, Rio 2016 and the politics of Brazilian development. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 49, n. 2, p. 190-210, 2014.
NAURIGHT, John. 2004. Global Games: Culture, Political Economy and Sport in the Globalized World of the 21st Century. Third World Quarterly, v. 25, n. 7, p. 1325-1336, 2004.
NYE, Joseph Samuel. Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
PIRES, Gustavo. O Olimpismo hoje. De uma diplomacia do silêncio para uma diplomacia silenciosa. O caso das duas Chinas. Rev. Port. Cien. Desp., n. 9, v. 2, 159–195, 2009.
POUND, Richard W. Inside the Olympics. Etobicoke, Ontario: J. Wiley&Sons, 2004.
RIORDAN, Jim. Introduction. Sport and International Politics. Londres; New York: E&FN SPON, p. 1-3, 2003.
SMITH, David. Francois Pienaar: 'When the whistle blew, South Africa changed forever'. The Guardian, 08 dez. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup. Acesso em: 08 out. 2019.
SUPPO, Hugo. Reflexões sobre o Lugar do Esporte nas Relações Internacionais. Contexto Internacional, v. 34, n. 2, jul-dez., p. 397-433, 2013.
WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel. 2009. The Olympics and geopolitics. Commentary n. 267. 15 out. 2009. Disponível em: https://iwallerstein.com/the-olympics-and-geopolitics/. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2019.
YOUNG, David; ABRAHAMS, Harold Maurice. Olympic Games. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com/sports/Olympic-Games. Acesso em: 02 jun. 2020.
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Published
2022-12-26
How to Cite
Winter, L. A. C. ., Balan, M. P. ., & Basso, M. (2022). Sporting megaevents and soft power: the use of sport as a tool of power by States. Conjuntura Internacional, 18(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2021v18n2p58-65
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