estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicting

Threats for a Safer World

Inteligência Artiﬁcial: Previsão e Contraterrorismo

Inteligencia artiﬁcial: predicción y contraterrorismo

Issam Iyrot1

Raid Nairat2

Enviado em: 21 de agosto de 2023

Aceito em: 05 de junho de 2025

ABSTRACT

The use of AI in combating extremism has gained signicant attention in recent

years due to its potential to improve eciency and accuracy in identifying ter-

rorist activities. This research paper aims to explore the key concepts associated

with utilizing AI to combat extremism, including its various types and develop-

ments. Additionally, it will examine how AI can be used to combat terrorist acts

in cyberspace. Furthermore, the paper will analyze the most prominent govern-

ment strategies and experiences in utilizing AI to confront extremism, highli-

ghting their successes and shortcomings. It will also explore the challenges and

opportunities that countries face in adopting AI-based approaches to counter ex-

tremism, including ethical concerns, data privacy, and technical limitations. To

achieve these goals, this research paper will use an analytical method to analyze

the current state of knowledge regarding the use of AI to combat extremism.

Relevant articles will be identied through a comprehensive search of academic

databases and other reputable sources. The articles will be screened and assessed

for eligibility based on pre-dened criteria. Data will be extracted and synthesi-

zed, and a narrative synthesis will be used to present the ndings. The paper will

also draw on case studies of government strategies and experiences in utilizing

AI to combat extremism. Finally, recommendations for policymakers and practi-

tioners will be developed based on the synthesis of the ndings.

Keywords: articial intelligence, terrorism, Counterterrorism, Extremism.

RESUMO

O uso de IA no combate ao extremismo ganhou atenção signicativa nos

últimos anos devido ao seu potencial para melhorar a eciência e precisão na

identicação de atividades terroristas. Este trabalho de pesquisa visa explorar os

conceitos mais importantes associados ao uso de IA para combater o extremis-

mo, incluindo seus tipos e desenvolvimentos. Além disso, examinará as manei-

ras pelas quais a IA pode ser usada para combater atos terroristas no ciberespa-

ço. Além disso, o artigo analisará as estratégias e experiências governamentais

mais proeminentes na utilização da IA para enfrentar o extremismo, destacando

seus sucessos e deciências. Também explorará os desaos e oportunidades

que os países enfrentam ao adotar abordagens baseadas em IA para combater

o extremismo, incluindo preocupações éticas, privacidade de dados e limita-

1. Nablus University for Vocational and

Technical Education, Palestine

2. An-Najah National University,

Palestine

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

ções técnicas. Para atingir esses objetivos, este trabalho de pesquisa usará um

método analítico para analisar o estado atual do conhecimento sobre o uso da

IA para combater o extremismo. Artigos relevantes serão identicados por meio

de uma pesquisa abrangente de bancos de dados acadêmicos e outras fontes

respeitáveis. Os artigos serão selecionados e avaliados para elegibilidade com

base em critérios pré-denidos. Os dados serão extraídos e sintetizados, e uma

síntese narrativa será usada para apresentar os resultados. O documento tam-

bém se baseará em estudos de caso de estratégias e experiências governamentais

na utilização de IA para combater o extremismo. Finalmente, recomendações

para formuladores de políticas e prossionais serão desenvolvidas com base na

síntese dos resultados.

Palavras-chave: inteligência articial, terrorismo, Contraterrorismo,Extremismo.

RESUMEN

El uso de la IA para combatir el extremismo ha ganado una atención signicati-

va en los últimos años debido a su potencial para mejorar la eciencia y la preci-

sión en la identicación de actividades terroristas. Este trabajo de investigación

tiene como objetivo explorar los conceptos más importantes asociados con el

uso de la IA para combatir el extremismo, incluidos sus tipos y desarrollos. Ade-

más, examinará las formas en que se puede utilizar la IA para combatir los actos

terroristas en el ciberespacio. Además, el documento analizará las estrategias y

experiencias gubernamentales más destacadas en el uso de IA para enfrentar el

extremismo, destacando sus éxitos y deciencias. También explorará los desafíos

y oportunidades que enfrentan los países al adoptar enfoques basados en IA para

contrarrestar el extremismo, incluidas las preocupaciones éticas, la privacidad

de los datos y las limitaciones técnicas. Para lograr estos objetivos, este trabajo

de investigación utilizará un método analítico para analizar el estado actual del

conocimiento sobre el uso de la IA para combatir el extremismo. Los artículos

relevantes se identicarán a través de una búsqueda exhaustiva de bases de

datos académicas y otras fuentes acreditadas. Los artículos serán examinados y

evaluados para determinar su elegibilidad en función de criterios predenidos.

Se extraerán y sintetizarán los datos, y se utilizará una síntesis narrativa para

presentar los hallazgos. El documento también se basará en estudios de casos

de estrategias gubernamentales y experiencias en el uso de IA para combatir el

extremismo. Finalmente, se desarrollarán recomendaciones para formuladores

de políticas y profesionales en base a la síntesis de los hallazgos.

Palabras clave: inteligencia articial, terrorismo, contraterrorismo, extremismo.

1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Terrorism has become an ever-growing global threat, and govern-

ments worldwide are searching for new ways to detect and prevent ter-

rorist activities. The emergence of articial intelligence (AI) has opened

a new realm of possibilities in counterterrorism eorts. AI systems have

shown the ability to analyze vast amounts of data, recognize patterns,

and predict potential threats in ways that were once impossible for hu-

mans. By analyzing data from sources such as social media, travel re-

cords, and nancial transactions, AI can identify behaviors that may be

indicative of terrorist activity and alert authorities to investigate further.

However, the use of AI in counterterrorism is not without its challen-

ges. One signicant concern is privacy and civil liberties. Collecting and

analyzing large amounts of personal data could potentially infringe upon

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

the privacy of individuals. Additionally, there is the risk of biases and er-

rors in the algorithms used in AI systems, which could lead to false ac-

cusations and discrimination against certain groups. Therefore, any use

of AI in counterterrorism must be transparent, accountable, and operate

within ethical and legal frameworks. Consequently, the primary focus of

this research is on the following question: What are the benets and chal-

lenges of using articial intelligence in counterterrorism eorts, and how can

these challenges be mitigated while maintaining transparency, accountability,

and ethical and legal frameworks?

2 METHODOLOGY

This article aims to perform an extensive review of the literature

on the utilization of AI in combating extremism and terrorism, examine

government strategies and experiences with using AI to counter extre-

mism, explore the opportunities and challenges that come with adopting

AI-based approaches, and formulate recommendations for policymakers

and practitioners.

The article employs an analytical methodology to examine AI in

counterterrorism, government strategies, and its impact on civil liberties.

It oers guidance on addressing challenges, capitalizing on opportuni-

ties, and best practices for AI in counterterrorism. The goal is a com-

prehensive analysis of AI’s role in combating extremism and its impact

on counterterrorism.

3 INTRODUCTION

Global terrorism, driven by extremist ideologies on social media,

combines violence and psychological warfare, posing a signicant global

challenge. Articial intelligence (AI) plays a vital role in combating terro-

rism by shaping human behavior and analyzing data. AI customizes mes-

sages and monitors human behavior through algorithms, but challenges

like privacy concerns, algorithmic biases, and staying ahead of terrorists

persist. Successful AI use, like the United States’ Project Maven, show-

cases the potential. The key lies in eectively addressing challenges and

leveraging AI’s rapid, unbiased data analysis to counteract terrorism and

extremism.

Nevertheless, the use of AI in this context is not without its chal-

lenges. Privacy concerns, algorithmic biases, and the potential for errors

pose signicant hurdles. Staying ahead of adaptive terrorists and safe-

guarding data security are additional challenges. Despite these obstacles,

there are promising opportunities to leverage AI’s ability to swiftly and

accurately analyze vast data, reducing the risk of human error and biases

in identifying potential threats.

In conclusion, AI oers a potent tool in the global ght against

terrorism and extremism. Direct and indirect applications enable the in-

uence of individuals and tracking of behavior, with opportunities for

early detection. However, the responsible and ethical use of AI is para-

mount, requiring clear guidelines and regulations to mitigate misuse.

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

With careful consideration and responsible implementation, AI can be a

powerful asset in the battle against terrorism and extremism.

4 LITERATURE REVIEW

The study “Articial Intelligence in Counterterrorism: A Review of

Current Applications and Future Prospects” (2020) by Tariq, Bhatti, and

Ahmad examines how the US, UK, and Israel use AI to combat terrorism.

It analyzes AI’s ability to process vast data, including social media, for

threat detection. The study stresses the ethical and technical challenges

while highlighting AI’s potential in counterterrorism. The authors also

discuss prospects, including advanced machine learning and AI integra-

tion with drones and autonomous systems.

Dandachi et al.’s (2021) study examines governments’ use of AI to

combat terrorism, focusing on the US government’s experience. It un-

derscores AI’s potential in identifying threats while highlighting challen-

ges like bias and privacy concerns. Cooperation and data sharing among

agencies are crucial for AI’s eectiveness in counterterrorism. The study

oers insights into AI’s role in counterterrorism, emphasizing the impor-

tance of ongoing research and development.

Thiemann et al. (2018) investigated the use of articial intelligence

by the French government to identify and track terrorist networks. The

study highlighted the potential benets of using AI in counterterrorism,

such as the ability to analyze large amounts of data and identify potential

threats. It also identied some of the challenges associated with imple-

menting AI in this context, such as the need for data sharing and coopera-

tion among dierent agencies. The authors concluded that while AI has

the potential to improve counterterrorism eorts, it should be used in

conjunction with other approaches, and proper safeguards should be put

in place to ensure privacy and ethical concerns are addressed.

Kaunert and Leonard (2020) explored AI’s utility in counterterro-

rism. They discussed its potential in analyzing data to detect and pre-

vent terrorist threats. Ethical and legal concerns, including data privacy

and algorithm bias, were highlighted. Eective implementation requi-

res collaboration and data sharing among agencies. The study empha-

sized the importance of balancing technical and ethical considerations.

Human oversight, data quality, and sharing were stressed for ethical AI

decision-making. Overall, the paper oered insights into AI’s benets

and challenges in counterterrorism, underscoring the signicance of a

balanced approach that considers both technical and ethical factors in

implementation.

In conclusion, the literature reveals that articial intelligence (AI)

shows potential for enhancing counterterrorism through data analysis

but raises ethical, misuse, and technical concerns. Preemptive threat de-

tection via social media analysis is crucial. Transparency, accountability,

and addressing technical limitations are key. Collaboration and research

are vital for ethical and ecient AI use in counterterrorism.

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

5 AI IN COUNTERTERRORISM

The rise of terrorism and extremism in the modern world is a signi-

cant challenge that governments and organizations face. The use of so-

cial media platforms by terrorist organizations and extremist groups has

made it easier for them to spread their messages, recruit new members,

and plan attacks. In response to this threat, the use of articial intelligen-

ce has become an increasingly important tool in the ght against terro-

rism and extremism. This essay will explore how articial intelligence

is used in combating terrorism and extremism, including data tracking,

analysis, predicting events, and directing media campaigns.

The use of social media platforms by terrorist organizations and

extremist groups has made it easier for them to spread their messages,

recruit new members, and plan attacks. Governments and organizations

are facing a signicant challenge in combating terrorism and extremism

in the modern world. To address this issue, articial intelligence (AI) has

become an increasingly important tool in the ght against terrorism and

extremism. This essay explores how AI is used in combating terrorism

and extremism, including data tracking, analysis, predicting events, and

directing media campaigns. (Cheng, 2021) AI is used to monitor and track

online activities related to terrorism and extremism. This includes trac-

king social media platforms, websites, and other online forums that are

used by extremist groups to communicate and spread their messages.

Using advanced algorithms, AI systems can sift through vast amounts

of data quickly and eciently to identify patterns, keywords, and other

indicators of potential terrorist activity. Once data has been collected, AI

is used to analyze it and identify potential threats. AI systems can iden-

tify patterns and connections that may not be immediately apparent to

human analysts. (Chen D. &., 2021).

AI is also used to predict potential terrorist events. By analyzing so-

cial media activity, AI can identify patterns that suggest a potential attack

is being planned. Additionally, AI can be used to predict the likelihood

of future attacks based on historical data and current trends. This allo-

ws organizations to prepare for potential threats and allocate resources

more eectively. AI is also used to direct media campaigns aimed at cou-

ntering the propaganda of terrorist organizations and extremist groups.

Through the use of AI, media campaigns can be customized and targe-

ted to specic individuals and groups. This allows organizations to tailor

their messaging to specic audiences, making it more eective in coun-

tering extremist propaganda. Additionally, AI can be used to track the

eectiveness of media campaigns and adjust them as needed to ensure

maximum impact. (Dantcheva, 2018)

While the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism is pro-

mising, there are also challenges and opportunities that must be con-

sidered. One of the primary challenges is the need to balance privacy

concerns with the need for eective monitoring and tracking of potential

threats. Additionally, AI systems are not infallible, and there is always

the risk of false positives or incorrect predictions. However, there are

also signicant opportunities for the use of AI in combating terrorism

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

and extremism. The ability to collect and analyze vast amounts of data

quickly and eciently is a signicant advantage in the ght against ter-

rorism. Additionally, the ability to predict potential attacks and direct

media campaigns more eectively can help prevent future attacks and

reduce the inuence of extremist groups. (Dixon, 2020)

In conclusion, the use of articial intelligence in combating terro-

rism and extremism is an important tool for governments and organiza-

tions. While there are challenges and risks associated with the use of AI

in this context, the opportunities for eective monitoring and prevention

of terrorist activity are signicant. The use of AI in combating terrorism

and extremism will likely continue to be an important tool in the ght

against terrorism.

6 AI USAGE: TERRORIST GROUPS VS STATES/GOVERNMENTS

Articial intelligence (AI) has become a crucial tool in combating

terrorism and extremism. It can help governments and security agencies

detect, track, and prevent terrorist attacks, and analyze data to predict

potential threats. However, AI is not just limited to use by states and go-

vernments. Terrorist groups have also started using AI to carry out their

attacks and evade detection. (Mahmood, 2021) This essay explores the

dierences between the use of AI by terrorist groups and its use by states

and governments.

Terrorist groups have increasingly been using AI to plan and exe-

cute their attacks. They use AI algorithms to identify potential targets,

evade surveillance and detection, and analyze the data to plan their next

attack. For example, ISIS has used AI to track and monitor their targets

on social media, carry out phishing attacks, and create fake social me-

dia accounts to spread propaganda and recruit new members. Terrorist

groups have also used AI to create deep fake videos, which are videos that

are created using AI to manipulate real footage, to spread disinformation

and propaganda. (Hamilton, 2019)

On the other hand, States and governments employ AI for cou-

nter-terrorism eorts, monitoring extensive data, including social

media, to detect and prevent threats. AI algorithms analyze data

for patterns and anomalies, preempting potential dangers. The US

Department of Homeland Security employs AI through the National

Vetting Center to screen visa applicants for security risks. AI also aids

in media campaigns, crafting targeted messages to counter terrorist

propaganda, reaching broader audiences, and enhancing eectiveness.

(Johnson, 2020)

AI usage diers signicantly between terrorist groups and govern-

ments. Terrorists employ AI for malicious purposes, aiming to carry out

attacks and spread extremist propaganda. In contrast, states and gover-

nments use AI defensively to prevent attacks and protect their citizens,

prioritizing safety and security. Resource disparities exist between the

two. (Joe, 2020) Terrorist groups often have limited resources and ex-

pertise in AI, which means their use of AI is often crude and unsophis-

ticated. In contrast, states and governments have access to advanced AI

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

technologies and resources, which enables them to develop more advan-

ced and sophisticated AI systems to combat terrorism and extremism.

In conclusion, the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism

is a crucial tool in the ght against terrorism. However, there are signi-

cant dierences between the use of AI by terrorist groups and its use

by states and governments. Terrorist groups use AI to carry out attacks

and spread propaganda, while states and governments use AI to prevent

attacks and protect their citizens. The intent and resources available to

each party play a signicant role in the eectiveness of their use of AI. As

AI continues to evolve and become more advanced, it is critical that states

and governments continue to develop and improve their AI systems to

stay ahead of the evolving threat posed by terrorist groups.

7 ETHICAL ISSUES AND POTENTIAL RISKS OF THE MISUSE OF AI

AI is valuable for governments and law enforcement in counterter-

rorism, but ethical challenges and risks exist. This article examines these

issues, including privacy, accountability, and transparency concerns, in

AI’s use against terrorism and extremism. (Farahmand, 2020). For exam-

ple, the use of AI for data tracking and analysis raises concerns about pri-

vacy violations, particularly when the data being collected is personal and

sensitive. There is also a risk of bias in data analysis, particularly when the

algorithms used are not transparent or properly vetted. This can result in

discriminatory practices, which could be counterproductive to the goal

of combating terrorism and extremism.

Another challenge facing the use of AI in combating terrorism

and extremism is the potential for misuse. AI is a powerful technology

that can be used for good or evil. Terrorist groups and other malicious

actors may attempt to use AI to further their goals. For example, they

may use AI to create and disseminate extremist propaganda or to plan

and carry out attacks. Governments must be vigilant in their use of AI

to ensure that the technology is not misused by those who seek harm.

Additionally, there are technical challenges associated with the use of AI

in combating terrorism and extremism. One of the biggest challenges

is the sheer amount of data that needs to be analyzed. AI systems must

be able to process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately to be ef-

fective. This requires signicant computing power and specialized algo-

rithms (Natarajan, 2021). Governments and law enforcement agencies

must invest in the necessary infrastructure to support the use of AI in

combating terrorism and extremism.

There are also legal challenges associated with the use of AI in

combating terrorism and extremism. For example, there are questions

about the legality of using AI to monitor and analyze social media data.

Governments and law enforcement agencies must navigate complex legal

frameworks to ensure that their use of AI is lawful and does not infringe

on individual rights and freedoms. Another challenge is the potential for

unintended consequences. AI systems are only as good as the data they

are trained on. If the data is biased or incomplete, the AI system may pro-

duce inaccurate or discriminatory results. This could lead to unintended

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

consequences such as false arrests or discrimination against certain

groups. (Choudhury, 2021). Governments and law enforcement agencies

must be aware of these risks and take steps to mitigate them.

Finally, there is a challenge of public perception. The use of AI in

combating terrorism and extremism may be perceived by some as a vio-

lation of privacy or civil liberties. Governments and law enforcement

agencies must be transparent about their use of AI and communicate the

benets of the technology in combating terrorism and extremism.

In conclusion, the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism

is not without its challenges. Ethical concerns, potential for misuse, te-

chnical challenges, legal challenges, unintended consequences, and pu-

blic perception are all challenges that must be addressed. Governments

and law enforcement agencies must approach the use of AI in combating

terrorism and extremism with caution and ensure that the technology

is used ethically and lawfully. Only then can the benets of AI be fully

realized in the ght against terrorism and extremism.

Recent developments in AI have introduced the concept of explai-

nable AI (XAI), which aims to address the transparency and accountabi-

lity concerns associated with AI. XAI allows humans to understand how

AI systems arrive at their decisions and recommendations, increasing

transparency and enabling better oversight. This could potentially ad-

dress some of the ethical concerns related to the use of AI in combating

terrorism and extremism. Additionally, recent research has shown that

AI algorithms can perpetuate and amplify biases present in the data they

are trained on. To address this issue, researchers are exploring ways to

develop algorithms that can identify and mitigate biases in data, such

as using diverse data sets and increasing transparency in the algorithm’s

decision-making process. (Aha, 2019)

Explainable Articial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging eld that

aims to create AI systems that are transparent, interpretable, and ex-

plainable. XAI is particularly relevant in the context of the use of AI in

combating terrorism and extremism, where there are concerns about the

potential for bias and discrimination in the decision-making process. XAI

seeks to address these concerns by making the decision-making process

of AI systems more transparent and interpretable. One of the key challen-

ges in developing XAI systems is the trade-o between explainability and

accuracy. Highly accurate AI systems may use complex algorithms that

are dicult to understand and interpret. However, if the goal is to build

an explainable AI system, then simpler algorithms may need to be used,

which could compromise accuracy. This trade-o needs to be carefully

considered when designing XAI systems. (Shan & Zhang, 2020)

Another challenge in developing XAI systems is to ensure that the

explanations provided are meaningful and relevant to the end-users. For

example, if an AI system identies a particular individual as a potential

terrorist, the explanation provided by the system must be clear and conci-

se and based on relevant information. If the explanation is too technical or

dicult to understand, it may not be useful to the end-user. Despite these

challenges, XAI is an important area of research and development in AI.

XAI has the potential to improve the accountability and transparency of

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

AI systems, which is particularly important in sensitive domains such as

combating terrorism and extremism. (Lieberman, 2020) As such, there

is a need for continued investment in XAI research and development to

ensure that AI systems are not only accurate but also transparent and

interpretable.

However, while these approaches show promise, they also present

new challenges. For instance, the use of NLP-based explanations requires

large amounts of high-quality training data to ensure the language used

is appropriate and eective. Meanwhile, interactive XAI requires desig-

ning eective user interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use. Despite

the challenges, the development of XAI is crucial for addressing ethical

concerns associated with the use of AI, including transparency, accoun-

tability, and bias. As such, continued research and development in XAI

are necessary to ensure that AI systems are not only eective but also

trustworthy and understandable to end-users (Bansal, 2021).

8 AI’S OPPORTUNITIES IN COUNTERTERRORISM

Articial intelligence (AI) oers many opportunities for combating

terrorism and extremism, as it can be used to detect and prevent suspi-

cious activities, facilitate cooperation and exchange of information bet-

ween stakeholders, and support decision-making. In this article, we will

explore some of the key opportunities that AI oers in the ght against

terrorism and extremism.

One of the main advantages of AI is its ability to analyze vast

amounts of data quickly and accurately. This is particularly useful in the

context of counterterrorism, where data from a wide range of sources

needs to be analyzed to identify potential threats. By using advanced al-

gorithms, AI can analyze large datasets from social media, news outlets,

and other sources to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies that may

indicate the presence of terrorist activity (Chen, 2017). Another key be-

net of AI is its ability to support decision-making. In the ght against

terrorism and extremism, decisions often need to be made quickly and

with limited information. By using machine learning algorithms, AI can

help decision-makers identify potential threats, prioritize responses, and

allocate resources more eectively (Zenasn, 2021).

In addition, AI facilitates information sharing and collaboration

among stakeholders, which is vital in countering terrorism and extre-

mism. AI-powered platforms enable more eective cooperation, leading

to a coordinated response to threats. Yet, there are challenges to address

safe and ethical AI use in this context. One major challenge is the po-

tential misuse of AI by terrorist groups or state actors, involving pro-

paganda dissemination, public opinion manipulation, and cyberattacks.

(Stillman, 2019)

Moreover, ethical considerations in AI for counterterrorism are

crucial. Biased algorithms may result in discriminatory practices, like ra-

cial proling. Privacy and civil liberties infringement is also a concern,

especially when monitoring non-suspects. Addressing these challenges

necessitates establishing clear guidelines and regulations for AI usage

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

in combating terrorism and extremism. This should encompass ethical

AI use, transparency, and accountability measures in AI system develo-

pment and deployment. (Rida, 2020). It is also important to ensure that

the use of AI is subject to appropriate oversight and regulation, to prevent

misuse or abuse.

In conclusion, AI oers many opportunities for combating terro-

rism and extremism, including the detection of suspicious activities, coo-

peration and exchange of information between stakeholders, and support

for decision-making. However, there are also signicant challenges that

need to be addressed, including the potential for misuse of AI and ethical

issues related to its use. By developing clear guidelines and regulations

for the use of AI, it is possible to maximize the benets of this technology

while minimizing its risks.

9 PRATICAL AI APPLICATIONS IN COUNTERTERRORISM BY

GOVERNMENTS

Articial intelligence (AI) is an increasingly important tool in the

ght against terrorism and extremism. While many countries around the

world are using AI in various ways to combat these threats, information

on their use of AI in counterterrorism is often limited or not publicly

disclosed due to security concerns. Nonetheless, there are several coun-

tries that have publicly acknowledged their use of AI in counterterrorism

and have gained experience in implementing AI applications to monitor,

track, and prevent terrorist activity. In this article, we will explore some of

these countries and their experiences with using AI in counterterrorism.

The use of articial intelligence (AI) in combating terrorism

and extremism has become increasingly important in recent years.

Governments around the world have recognized the potential of AI in

identifying threats, tracking suspects, and preventing attacks. In this ar-

ticle, we will examine the experiences of some governments in using AI

to combat terrorism and extremism and the results they have achieved.

One country that has been at the forefront of using AI in combating

terrorism and extremism is the United States. The U.S. government has

been investing heavily in AI technologies to improve intelligence gathe-

ring and analysis capabilities. The Department of Defense has been using

AI to process large amounts of data, identify patterns, and detect anoma-

lies that may indicate terrorist activities. The National Security Agency

(NSA) has also been using AI to monitor internet trac and identify po-

tential threats. The results have been signicant, with the U.S. govern-

ment reporting that AI has helped prevent numerous terrorist attacks.

(Ford, 2021)

The United States has been a leader in the ght against terrorism

for decades. In recent years, it has harnessed the power of articial intelli-

gence (AI) to enhance its counterterrorism eorts. The U.S. government

has invested signicantly in AI research, especially in defense and natio-

nal security. AI is crucial in collecting and analyzing extensive data, in-

cluding social media, nancial transactions, and travel records. Through

AI algorithms, the government identies potential threats and monitors

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

known terrorists’ movements, strengthening its counterterrorism mea-

sures. (Articial Intelligence Strategy Summary, 2020)

In addition to data analysis, the US is also using AI to develop pre-

dictive models that can help identify potential terrorist threats before

they occur. For example, the Department of Homeland Security has de-

veloped an AI-powered system called the Automated Targeting System,

which uses machine learning algorithms to identify potential threats

among travelers entering the US. The US government is also using AI to

improve its communication and collaboration with international partners

in the ght against terrorism. Through the use of AI-powered translation

tools and communication platforms (Smith, 2022) government agencies

can share information more eectively and work together to combat ter-

rorism on a global scale.

However, the use of AI in counterterrorism is not without its chal-

lenges. One of the key concerns is the potential for bias in AI algorithms,

which could lead to discriminatory practices and the unjust targeting

of certain groups. The US government is taking steps to address the-

se concerns, including increasing transparency and accountability in

AI development and deployment. In conclusion, the United States of

America has been at the forefront of using AI in the ght against terro-

rism. Through data analysis, predictive modeling, and international col-

laboration, the US government is leveraging the power of AI to identify

and prevent potential threats. While there are challenges to overcome,

the potential benets of AI in counterterrorism are signicant, and the

US is leading the way in exploring and maximizing these opportunities.

(Barnes, 2019)

Moreover, Russia is a leader in employing AI for counterterrorism.

They leverage AI in various areas to combat security threats. Notably, fa-

cial recognition technology is a key tool used to identify and locate terro-

rists and suspects in public spaces, including airports and metro stations.

Biometric technologies, such as iris recognition and ngerprint scanning,

are also utilized for suspect identication in their counterterrorism ef-

forts. Russia’s experience in using AI for counterterrorism encompasses a

range of technologies and strategies. (How Russia uses facial recognition

technology, 2019)

AI in Russian counterterrorism includes predictive policing and

social media monitoring. Predictive policing identies potential threats

and suspicious behavior, while advanced algorithms analyze social me-

dia content to detect terrorist activity using natural language processing

and machine learning. (Russia Uses Social Media to Identify Potential

Terrorists, 2018)

In addition to these technologies, Russia employs an integrated sur-

veillance system, merging AI-powered cameras and sensors with big data

analysis for real-time monitoring of large areas. The system detects and

prevents terrorist attacks and other criminal activities while also moni-

toring trac and public transportation to facilitate swift responses. The

key strength of Russia’s AI-based counterterrorism approach lies in inte-

grating diverse technologies and strategies, including facial recognition,

social media monitoring, and predictive policing. This comprehensive

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

system enables authorities to analyze substantial data, identify threats,

and respond promptly. (Institute for the Study of War, 2020)

However, Russian AI counterterrorism eorts have raised concer-

ns about potential abuses, such as tracking political dissidents. Predictive

policing has also raised concerns about discrimination and civil liberties

violations. However, the Russian experience has been successful in pre-

venting attacks, serving as a model for other countries. (Khatchadourian,

2020)

In conclusion, the Russian experience in utilizing AI for counterter-

rorism has been comprehensive and eective. The country has developed

and utilized a wide range of AI technologies and strategies, from facial

recognition to social media monitoring to predictive policing. While

there are concerns about the potential misuse of these technologies, the

Russian approach has demonstrated the potential of AI to improve natio-

nal security and prevent terrorist attacks.

In Asia, China is a leader in AI-driven counterterrorism eorts, uti-

lizing facial recognition, social media monitoring, and predictive poli-

cing. Facial recognition aids real-time identication and arrests of suspec-

ted terrorists. AI analyzes social media for signs of extremist activity. An

integrated surveillance system uses AI and big data for real-time monito-

ring to prevent attacks. Predictive policing, though controversial due to

discrimination and human rights concerns, helps identify patterns to pre-

vent terrorism. (Zhang, 2019). While these experiences demonstrate the

potential for AI to improve security and prevent terrorist attacks, they

also raise important questions about privacy, human rights, and potential

abuses.

In Europe, the United Kingdom has also been using AI in its eorts

to combat terrorism and extremism. The government has been working

closely with tech companies to develop AI-powered tools to detect and

prevent terrorist activities. One such tool is the “Online Hate Speech

Dashboard,” which uses AI to monitor social media platforms for hate

speech and extremist content. The tool has been successful in identifying

and removing such content, and the government is now exploring ways

to expand its use.

France is another country that has been using AI in combating ter-

rorism and extremism. The French government has been working with

tech companies to develop AI-powered tools to identify and track po-

tential terrorists. One such tool is the “MOSAIC” system, which uses AI

to analyze social media and other online activities to identify potential

threats. The tool has been successful in identifying and tracking suspects,

leading to several arrests. France has also been actively involved in using

articial intelligence to combat terrorism. Since the Charlie Hebdo attack

in 2015, France has had to deal with several terrorist attacks that have

caused signicant loss of life and damage. (Hanquez, 2020) In response

to these attacks, the French government has made use of articial intel-

ligence and other advanced technologies to help prevent such incidents

in the future.

The French government’s key initiatives include the 2018 launch of

the Platform of Analysis of Terrorist Threats (PAT), which uses real-time

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

data, including social media, to identify potential threats. Additionally,

facial recognition technology is used in public places to identify suspects

and enhance national security, though it has sparked privacy and civil

liberties concerns. (Lennard, 2019)

In addition, the French government has launched several initiatives

aimed at preventing radicalization and extremism. One of these is the

Stop-Djihadisme campaign, which aims to counter extremist propagan-

da online and promote a positive image of French society. The campaign

uses social media and other digital channels to reach out to young people

and prevent them from being radicalized. (Ministère de l’Intérieur, 2015)

Overall, the French experience in combating terrorism using arti-

cial intelligence has been mixed. While the use of advanced technologies

has undoubtedly helped to prevent some attacks and identify suspects,

there have also been concerns about the potential for misuse and the im-

pact on privacy and civil liberties. Any use of articial intelligence in the

ght against terrorism must be carefully balanced with the need to pro-

tect fundamental rights and freedoms. In the Middle East, Israel has been

using AI in its eorts to combat terrorism. The Israeli government has

developed an AI-powered system called “HARPOON” that can analyze

large amounts of data and identify potential terrorist threats. The system

has been successful in detecting and preventing several terrorist attacks.

Despite the successes of these countries, there are still challenges to the

use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism. One of the biggest

challenges is the ethical issues surrounding the use of AI (Shoshan, 2018).

There are concerns that AI-powered tools could be used to violate human

rights and privacy, and there are questions about who should have access

to the data collected by these tools.

Another challenge is the potential for misuse of AI-powered tools.

There is a risk that governments could use these tools to target politi-

cal opponents or to suppress dissent. There is also the risk that terrorist

groups could use AI to develop more sophisticated attacks or to evade

detection. (The World Bank, 2020)

In conclusion, the use of articial intelligence in combating terro-

rism and extremism has become increasingly important in recent years.

Governments around the world have recognized the potential of AI in

identifying threats, tracking suspects, and preventing attacks. While the-

re have been successes in the use of AI, there are also challenges and risks

to be addressed. The development of ethical guidelines and regulations

for the use of AI in this context will be crucial in ensuring that this tech-

nology is used responsibly and eectively.

Germany has utilized articial intelligence in the prediction and

prevention of terrorist activities. Their experiences in this eld are varied

and include the use of social media monitoring, predictive policing, and

analyzing large sets of data. The country has also implemented measu-

res to protect civil liberties and privacy concerns, such as using AI for

specic, limited purposes and ensuring transparency and accountability

in its use. Germany has also implemented several initiatives to leverage

articial intelligence in countering terrorism. One of the most notable

initiatives is the Federal Criminal Police Oce’s (BKA) Counterterrorism

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

Information Centre (GTAZ), which uses AI-powered tools to analyze

and process data related to terrorism. The system is designed to iden-

tify potential threats by analyzing large volumes of data from various

sources, including social media, chat rooms, and other online platforms.

(Rommerskirchen, 2018)

In addition to the GTAZ, Germany employs an AI-driven early

warning system, analyzing data from diverse sources, like social media

and nancial transactions, to preempt potential terrorist threats. The sys-

tem collaborates with national and international agencies for a coordina-

ted response. Germany’s commitment to countering terrorism extends

to the Competence Center for Applied Security Technology (CAST), a

research hub for AI in cybersecurity and counterterrorism. CAST unites

researchers, industry specialists, and government authorities to create

advanced AI tools in the ght against terrorism and security challenges.

(Khalid, 2019)

While these initiatives demonstrate Germany’s commitment to le-

veraging AI in countering terrorism, they also raise concerns about pri-

vacy and the potential for abuse. Germany has taken steps to address

these concerns by implementing strict regulations on the use of AI in law

enforcement and national security, including guidelines on transparency,

accountability, and oversight. (BKA, 2019) Overall, Germany’s experien-

ces in the use of articial intelligence in countering terrorism highlight

the potential benets of these technologies, but also the importance of

ensuring that they are used ethically and by established legal and human

rights standards.

However, there are still concerns about the potential for human

rights violations and discriminatory practices in the use of these techno-

logies. Overall, Germany’s experiences highlight the potential benets

and challenges of using AI for counterterrorism eorts.

9 ENHANCING AI USE FOR COUNTERTERRORISM

The use of articial intelligence (AI) in combating terrorism and

extremism has become a growing trend for governments and organiza-

tions around the world. As AI technologies become more advanced, they

are increasingly being used to help identify and prevent potential threats,

predict and analyze patterns of behavior, and target propaganda cam-

paigns by extremist groups. However, despite the potential benets of

AI, some signicant challenges and risks need to be addressed to ensure

its responsible and eective use in countering terrorism and extremism.

One of the key challenges facing the use of AI in this context is the

ethical considerations around privacy, surveillance, and civil liberties. As

governments and organizations collect and analyze vast amounts of data

to identify potential threats, there is a risk that these technologies could

be used to infringe on the rights of individuals or groups. Therefore,

appropriate safeguards must be put in place to ensure that the use of AI is

consistent with human rights principles and respects individual privacy.

AI challenges include algorithmic biases due to skewed or incomple-

te training data. To mitigate this, prioritize transparency, accountability,

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

and bias identication and correction in AI system design. AI challenges

include algorithmic biases due to skewed or incomplete training data. To

mitigate this, prioritize transparency, accountability, and bias identica-

tion and correction in AI system design. Despite these challenges, there

are signicant opportunities for the use of AI in combating terrorism and

extremism. One of the most signicant benets is the ability to identi-

fy and analyze patterns of behavior across large datasets, allowing law

enforcement and intelligence agencies to identify potential threats and

predict future activity. Additionally, AI can be used to detect propagan-

da and extremist messaging on social media and other online platforms,

enabling more targeted and eective counter-messaging campaigns.

Furthermore, AI can facilitate cooperation and information sharing

between stakeholders, including law enforcement agencies, intelligence

services, and technology companies. By leveraging AI technologies to

improve the sharing and analysis of data, it is possible to enhance the ef-

fectiveness of eorts to combat terrorism and extremism. Several gover-

nments have already taken steps to integrate AI into their counterterro-

rism eorts. For example, the United States government has established a

Counterterrorism Technology Program, which includes initiatives to de-

velop and deploy AI technologies to identify and track potential threats.

Similarly, the United Kingdom’s Home Oce has launched a Counter

Terrorism Innovation Fund, which includes funding for research and de-

velopment of AI-based tools for counterterrorism.

To enhance the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism,

there are several recommendations and actions that can be taken. Firstly,

it is essential to develop clear and consistent ethical guidelines for the use

of AI in this context, which should be informed by input from a wide ran-

ge of stakeholders, including civil society and human rights organizations.

Additionally, there needs to be greater investment in research and develo-

pment of AI-based tools and technologies for counterterrorism, including

eorts to address potential biases and inaccuracies in these systems.

Moreover, it is essential to promote greater cooperation and infor-

mation sharing between stakeholders, including law enforcement agen-

cies, intelligence services, and technology companies. This will require

the development of common standards and protocols for data sharing

and analysis, as well as eorts to improve trust and collaboration bet-

ween these groups.

Finally, there is a need for greater public education and awareness

about the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism. This should

include eorts to inform the public about the potential benets and risks

of these technologies, as well as initiatives to promote greater transparen-

cy and accountability in their use.

In conclusion, the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism

oers signicant opportunities for improving the eectiveness and e-

ciency of counterterrorism eorts. However, appropriate measures must

be taken to address the ethical considerations and potential risks associa-

ted with these technologies. By promoting greater cooperation, invest-

ment, and public education, it is possible to enhance the responsible and

eective use of AI in this critical area.

Issam Iyrot, Raid Nairat AI-Enhanced Counterterrorism: Predicng Threats for a Safer World

10 RESULTS

The use of articial intelligence (AI) in combating terrorism and

extremism poses several challenges and ethical concerns, such as privacy,

accountability, transparency, and potential for misuse. The development

of explainable AI (XAI) could address some of these ethical concerns rela-

ted to the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism. However, it is

important to consider the trade-o between explainability and accuracy

when designing XAI systems. Governments and law enforcement agen-

cies need to approach the use of AI in combating terrorism and extremism

with caution and ensure that the technology is used ethically and lawfully.

AI has become an important tool for governments and organiza-

tions in combating terrorism and extremism. While AI is being used by

both terrorist groups and states/governments in the ght against terro-

rism and extremism, there are signicant dierences in their intent and

resources. Terrorist groups use AI for malicious purposes, such as car-

rying out attacks and spreading propaganda, while states and govern-

ments use AI for defensive purposes, such as preventing attacks and pro-

tecting their citizens.

Additionally, states and governments have access to more advan-

ced AI technologies and resources, which enables them to develop more

sophisticated AI systems to combat terrorism and extremism. States and

governments need to continue developing and improving their AI sys-

tems to stay ahead of the evolving threat posed by terrorist groups, but

it is not a panacea. The eectiveness of AI depends on the quality of the

data it is trained on and the algorithms used. While recent developments

in AI have introduced the concept of XAI, which aims to address the

transparency and accountability concerns associated with AI, there are

still signicant challenges to consider, such as legal, technical, and public

perception challenges. States and governments need to continue develo-

ping and improving their AI systems to stay ahead of the evolving threat

posed by terrorist groups.

Several countries, including the United States, Russia, China, the

United Kingdom, France, Israel, and Germany, have been using AI in

their eorts to combat terrorism and extremism. These countries have

developed and used AI-powered tools such as facial recognition systems,

social media monitoring platforms, and predictive policing algorithms

to identify and track potential threats. While these AI tools have helped

prevent some attacks and identify suspects, there are concerns about

their potential misuse, impact on privacy and civil liberties, and ethical

implications. Governments and tech companies need to work together

to establish ethical guidelines and regulations for the use of AI in coun-

terterrorism eorts to ensure that it is used responsibly and eectively.

Overall, the use of AI in combating terrorism oers opportunities

and challenges. To ensure responsible use, investment in research and

ethics, cooperation, and public awareness are essential. Dierences exist

between terrorist groups and governments in intent and resources, em-

phasizing the importance of balancing AI use with protecting fundamen-

tal rights.

estudos internacionais • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 2317-773X, v. 12, n. 3, (dez. 2024), p. 74-92

11 RECOMMENDATIONS

(1) Prioritize developing Explainable AI (XAI) to enhance AI

transparency, accountability, and ethics, addressing ethical concerns

in countering terrorism and extremism. (2) Balance Explainability and

Accuracy: While explainability is important, it is also essential to ensure

that AI systems are accurate and eective in identifying potential threats.

Governments and researchers should strive to strike a balance between

explainability and accuracy when designing XAI systems. (3) Collaborate

on ethical regulations addressing AI use in counterterrorism, covering

privacy, civil liberties, and misuse concerns. (4) Promote public education

and awareness about AI’s role in countering terrorism, fostering trust for

responsible and eective use.

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