Comparative study between Brazil, China and India on the usage of compulsory licenses for HIV patented medication
Resumo
In a globalized world there is a growing investment in research and technological innovation together with an eminent need to implement a more specific international document on trade related to intellectual property. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) arose in this field and the Pharmaceutical Industry is an example to be studied. The Pharmaceutical Industry has an important bargaining tool for developing countries, but it has been approached differently by Brazil, India and China. The three nation’s positioning over compulsory licensing is the reflection of their internal needs to combat Human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, and other severe diseases. The linkage between domestic law, health care and social policies and programs are the driven force to determine their international attitude. As the three governments have applied different focused differently in the three fields, a mutual cooperation approach is paramount for combating HIV epidemic.
Downloads
Referências
Aileen M. McGill. “Compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceuticals: Why a WTO Administrative Body should determine what constitutes a public health crisis under the Doha Declaration.” Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal. Volume 10. 2009-2010. Number 1.
Al Jazeera. “China to license copies of patented medicines.” January, 2012. Available at: < http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2012/06/2012694923223634.html>
Carlos Correa. “Integrating Public Health Concerns into Patent Legislation in Developing Countries.” University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. South Center, 2000. Available at: <http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2963e/14.1.html>
Chakravarthi Raghavan. “US seeks dispute panel against Brazil over patents.” Third World Network. 2001. Available at: < http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/seeks.htm>
Eric Bondy and Kamal Saggiz. “Compulsory licensing, price controls, and access to patented foreign products.” Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University. April, 2012.
Jacqui Wise. “Access to AIDS medicines stumbles on trade rules.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Available at: <http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/5/news10506/en/>
Jerome H. Reichman. “Compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceutical inventions: evaluating the options.” The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2009. Available at: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893582/>
Jillian Clare Cohen and Kristina M. Lybecker. “AIDS Policy and Pharmaceutical Patents: Brazil’s Strategy to Safeguard Public Health”. University of Toronto and Drexel University.
John LaMattina. “India's Solution To Drug Costs: Ignore Patents And Control Prices - Except For Home Grown Drugs.” Forbes Magazine. August, 2013. Available at: <http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnlamattina/2013/04/08/indias-solution-to-drug-costs-ignore-patents-and-control-prices-except-for-home-grown-drugs/>
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Together we will end AIDS.
“UNAIDS / JC2296E”. 2012. Available at: < http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/jc2296_unaids_togetherreport_2012_en.pdf>
Kevin Huang, “Guangzhou firm claims first Tamiflu generic.” South Morning Post. August, 2012. Available at: < http://www.scmp.com/node/534349>
Lyndon DeSalvo. “First Among the BRICs: Brazil’s Necessary Challenging of TRIPs.” Carleton University. March, 2010. Available at: <http://people.carleton.edu/~amontero/Lyndon%20DeSalvo.pdf>
Miller Canfield Law firm. “China Allows Compulsory Licensing.” December 2012. Available at: <http://www.millercanfield.com/publications-articles-321.html>
Natalia Arzeno Rebeca Diaz Sandra Gonzalez. “Brazil’s Generic Drug Manufacturing Success and the policies that permitted it.” Final Project. December, 2004.
Office of the United States Trade Representative. “United States and Brazil agree to use newly created Consultative Mechanism to promote cooperation on HIV/Aids and address WTO patent dispute.” June, 2011. Available at: <http://www.ustr.gov/archive/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2001/June/United_States_Brazil_agree_to_use_newly_created_Consultative_Mechanism_to_promote_cooperation_on_HIV-AIDS_address_WTO_p.html>
Pedro Villela. “Acesso a medicamentos e patentes no Brasil: Politicas de saude publicas e ativismo contra a AIDS.” (Acess to medication and patent in Brazil: public health care and actisvism against AIDS). Available at: <http://www.polemica.uerj.br/pol21/oficinas/artigos/bioetica_1.pdf>
Patralekha Chatterjee. “India’s First Compulsory Licence Upheld, But Legal Fights Likely To Continue”. Intellectual Property Watch. March, 2013. Available at: < http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/04/indias-first-compulsory-licence-upheld-but-legal-fights-likely-to-continue/>
Philippe Cullet. “The Doha Declaration of the WTO and access to medicines.” International Environmental Law Research Center, IELRC Briefing Paper 2002-1. Available at: <http://www.ielrc.org/content/f0201.htm>
Sara M. Ford. “Compulsory Licensing Provisions Under the TRIPs Agreement: Balancing Pills and Patents.” American University International Law Review, Volume 15, Issue 4, 2000. Available at: <http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1278&context=auilr>
Tadashi Yamamoto and Satoko Itoh, “China, Fighting a Rising Tide: The Response to AIDS in East Asia.” Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2006, pp. 76-95. Available at: < www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/RisingTide/china.pdf>
Theo Smart. “Why Brazil’s HIV/AIDS programme is a model for the rest of the world.” National Aids Manual. August, 2005. Available at: <http://www.aidsmap.com/Our-name/page/1563890/>
Thiru Balasubramaniam. “Brazil Moves on compulsory license after failed talks with drug company.” Third World Network Info Service on Intellectual Property Issues May 2007. Available at: <http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/twn.ipr.info.050701.htm>
UNAIDS, Brief Policy. “Using TRIPS flexibilities to improve access to HIV treatment.” Available at: <http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2049_PolicyBrief_TRIPS_en.pdf>
World Health Organization. “Country Profile for HIV/Aids treatment scale up.” December, 2005. Available at: <http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_CHN.pdf>
World Trade Organization: 2007 NEWS ITEMS. “TRIPS and Public Health: Canada is first to notify compulsory licence to export generic drug. October 2007.” Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news07_e/trips_health_notif_oct07_e.htm
World Trade Organization. “Least developed countries’ priority needs in intellectual property.” Nov. 2012. Available at: <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/ldc_e.htm>
Yanzhong Huang. “The Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals: Will China Follow in India’s Footsteps?” Council on Foreign Relations. October, 2012Available at: <http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2012/10/01/the-compulsory-licensing-of-pharmaceuticals-will-china-follow-in-indias-footsteps/>
Legal Sources:
Patent Law of the People's Republic of China. State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC. Available at: <http://english.sipo.gov.cn/laws/lawsregulations/201101/t20110119_566244.html>
The Patents Act of India, 1970. Intellectual Property India. Available at: < http://ipindia.nic.in/ipr/patent/eVersion_ActRules/sections-index.htm>
World Intellectual Property Organization. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic works. 1886. Available at: <http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html>
World Intellectual Property Organization. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883. Available at: < http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html>
World Trade Organization. DOHA WTO MINISTERIAL 2001: TRIPS WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2. Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health adopted on 14 November 2001. Available at: <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm>
World Trade Organization. URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENT: TRIPS
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. 1994. Available at: < http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm>
World Trade Organization. “DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: DISPUTE DS199. Brazil — Measures Affecting Patent Protection.” Available at: <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds199_e.htm>
World Trade Organization. “DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: DISPUTE DS408. European Union and a Member State — Seizure of Generic Drugs in Transit.” Available at: <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds408_e.htm>
World Trade Organization. “DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: DISPUTE DS409. European Union and a Member State — Seizure of Generic Drugs in Transit.” Available at: <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds409_e.htm>
Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Lei Nº 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. (Presidency of the Republic. Casa Civil. Cabinet Subcommittee for Legal Affairs. Law No. 9279 of May 14, 1996.) Available at: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9279.htm>
Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Lei Nº 9.313, de 13 de novembro de 1996. (Presidency of the Republic. Casa Civil. Cabinet Subcommittee for Legal Affairs. Law No. 9313 of November 13, 1996.) Available at: < http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9313.htm>
United States Office of the President. “USTR Releases Annual Special 301 Report on Intellectual Property Rights.” January, 2013. Available at: <http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2013/may/ustr-releases-annual-special-301-report>
United States Patent and Trademark office. United States of America Consolidated Patent Laws. Available at: < http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf>
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2.Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3.Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
Português
English
