Models, explanation, and the pitfalls of empirical testing

Modelos, explicação e as armadilhas dos testes empíricos

Resumo

Formal models constitute an essential part of contemporary political science and International Relations. Their recent history is tightly tied to the developments of Rational Choice Theory, which is considered to be the only deductive theory in the social sciences. This unique character, especially its manifestation through mathematical symbolisms, has caused profound schisms and criticisms in the discipline. Formal models have constantly been accused of being built on unrealistic assumptions of human behaviour and social structure, rendering as a result either trivial predictions or no empirical prediction at all. Nevertheless these criticisms frequently ignore essential elements of the concept of explanation and how it is applicable to formal modelling. In this paper, I provide an approach to mathematical modelling that considers the challenges of designing and performing empirical tests of predictions generated by formal models. Rather than disqualifying or falsifying models, empirical tests are paramount to the tailoring of more grounded explanations of political phenomena and should be seen as a tool to enhance modelling. In this sense, I scrutinise two examples of formal modelling in IR, and derive lessons for the empirical testing of models in the discipline.

Os modelos formais constituem uma parte essencial da ciência política contemporânea e das Relações Internacionais. Sua história recente está fortemente ligada aos desenvolvimentos da teoria da escolha racional, que é considerada a única teoria dedutiva nas ciências sociais. Este caráter único, especialmente sua manifestação por meio de simbolismos matemáticos, causou profundas divisões e críticas na disciplina. Os modelos formais têm sido constantemente acusados de serem construídos com base em suposições irrealistas do comportamento humano e da estrutura social, resultando em previsões triviais ou nenhuma previsão empírica. No entanto, essas críticas frequentemente ignoram elementos essenciais do conceito de explicação e como o mesmo é aplicável à modelagem formal. Neste artigo, forneço uma abordagem à modelagem matemática que considera os desafios de conceber e executar testes empíricos de previsões geradas por modelos formais. Em vez de desqualificar ou falsificar modelos, os testes empíricos são fundamentais para a adaptação de explicações mais fundamentadas dos fenômenos políticos e devem ser vistos como uma ferramenta para aprimorar a modelagem. Nesse sentido, analiso dois exemplos de modelagem formal em RI e extraio lições para o teste empírico de modelos na disciplina.

 

Palavras-chave: modelos formais, teoria da escolha racional, teste empírico, explicação

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Biografia do Autor

Enzo Lenine Lima, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Enzo Lenine Nunes Batista Oliveira Lima is PhD in Political Science at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. His research interests are mostly connected to methodology, formal models and rational choice theory, and hierarchies of knowledge. He has recently published a bibliometric analysis in the International Political Science Review as part of his work on the hierarchies of knowledge in the discipline. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-4252

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Publicado
19-12-2018
Como Citar
Lima, E. L. (2018). Models, explanation, and the pitfalls of empirical testing. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 6(3), 82-97. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2018v6n3p82