Integration, conflict, and autonomy among religious minorities in the late Ottoman Empire: the Greek-Catholic (Melkite) Church and sectarian turmoil in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

  • Youssef Alvarenga Cherem Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
  • Danny Zahreddine PUC Minas

Resumo

O século XX foi uma época de turbulência social e política para o Império Otomano. Para lidar com perda territórios, levantes, distúrbios e pressões militares, políticas e econômicas internacionais, ele teve de superar as deficiências estruturais nas forças armadas, na economia e na burocracia do Estado que o mantiveram atrasado em relação aos seus homólogos europeus. O ímpeto modernizador acabou assumindo a forma de uma profunda reforma jurídica e institucional em meados do século, transformando, mas também perturbando, o Estado e a sociedade otomanos. Neste artigo, discutimos um componente crucial dessas reformas e das relações internacionais do Império Otomano no século XIX: o status jurídico das minorias não muçulmanas. Enquadramos nossa discussão na análise de dois momentos: o reconhecimento oficial da comunidade religiosa greco-católica (melquita) em 1848 e o conflito civil sectário no Monte Líbano e Damasco em 1860. Os vetores de intersecção de interesses econômicos, religiosos e políticos em suas dimensões locais, regionais e internacionais serão iluminados, evidenciando uma abordagem mais matizada e multifacetada e menos monolítica e estatocêntrica em relação às relações internacionais do Império Otomano tardio e ao funcionamento de suas instituições.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Youssef Alvarenga Cherem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)

Bacharel em Relações Internacionais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (2003), mestre e doutor em Antropologia Social pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (2005, 2010). Atualmente professor adjunto da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Tem experiência na área de história do Oriente Médio, islamismo, antropologia da religião, antropologia política e arte islâmica; atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: islamismo, islamismo político, salafismo, relações internacionais do Oriente Médio, Líbano, Irã, Israel-Palestina, história das religiões, arte contemporânea no Oriente Médio.

Referências

AKARLI, Engin. The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. 1st edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
ALGAR, Hamid. Bektāšīya. In: ENCLOPAEDIA Iranica. [S.l.: s.n.], 1989. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya.
BAER, Marc; MAKDISI, Ussama; SHRYOCK, Andrew. Tolerance and Conversion in the Ottoman Empire: A Conversation. Comparative Studies in Society and History, v. 51, n. 4, p. 927–940, 2009. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40270367. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2019.
BERGER, Maurits. A Brief History of Islam in Europe – Thirteen Centuries of Creed, Conflict and Coexistence. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2014.
BRAUDE, Benjamin. Foundation Myths of the Millet System. In: LEWIS, Bernard; BRAUDE, Benjamin (Ed.). Christians & Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society. New York: Holmes & Meier Pub, 1982, v. 1, p. 69–88.
BUNTON, Martin; CLEVELAND, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. 4th Ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2009.
COOK, David. Understanding Jihad. 2nd edition. Berkeley: UC Press, 2015.
CRECELIUS, Daniel. Damiette and Syrian-Egyptian Trade. In: SYRIA and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule. Leiden: Brill, 2010. p. 155–175.
CRONE, Patricia. No pressure, then: religious freedom in Islam. Open Democracy, nov. 2009. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/no-compulsion-in-religion/.
DEMERATH, N. J. The Rise of ‘Cultural Religion’ in European Christianity: Learning from Poland, Northern Ireland, and Sweden. Social Compass, vol. 47, no. 1, 2000, pp. 127–139. Doi: 10.1177/003776800047001013.
DERINGIL, Selim. “There Is No Compulsion in Religion”: On Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839-1856. Comparative Studies in Society and History, v. 42, n. 3, p. 547–575, 2000. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696645.
DERINGIL, Selim. The Land of Polite Fictions: The Tanzimat State and Mount Lebanon. In: DE CLERCK, Dima, EDDÉ, Carle; KAIDBEY, Naila; SLIM, Souad. (ed.) 1860, histoires et mémoires d'un conflit. Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, 2015, p. 33-47.
FAWAZ, Leila Tarazi. An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994.
FRIEDMANN, Yohanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
FINDLEY, Carter Vaughn. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History. London: Yale University Press, 2010.
FINDLEY, Carter Vaughn. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012[1980].
FIRRO, Kais. Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and State under the Mandate. London: IB Tauris, 2002.
GODDARD, Hugh. A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
GREHAN, James. Imperial Crisis and Muslim-Christian Relations in Ottoman Syria and Palestine, c. 1770-1830. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Volume 58, Issue 4, 2015, p. 490–531 https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341381
HADDAD. Mahmoud. From Muslim Privilege to Christian & Foreign Privilege in Ottoman Syria. In: DE CLERCK, Dima, EDDÉ, Carle; KAIDBEY, Naila; SLIM, Souad. (ed.) 1860, histoires et mémoires d'un conflit. Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, 2015, p. 49-68.
HARRIS, William. Lebanon: a history, 600-2011. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press, 2014.
HOBSBAWM, Eric J. Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. [S.l.]: Cambridge university press, 2012.
HAKIM, Carol. The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
ISSAWI, Charles. The Transformation of the Economic Position of the Millets in the Nineteenth Century. In: LEWIS, Bernard; BRAUDE, Benjamin (Ed.). Christians & Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society. New York: Holmes & Meier Pub, 1982. v. 1, p. 261-285.
KAUFMAN, Asher. Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for Identity in Lebanon. London: IB Tauris, 2014.
KARAMAN, K. Kivanc; PAMUK, Sevket, Ottoman state finances in European perspective, 1500–1914. Journal of Economic History, 70 (3), 2010, pp. 593-629.
KURAN, Timur. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
LEVY, Avigdor. Military Reform and the Problem of Centralization in the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 18, no. 3, 1982, pp. 227-249.
LITTLE, Donald P. Coptic Conversion to Islam under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 692-755/1293-1354. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Cambridge University Press, v. 39, n. 3, p. 552–569, 1976. http://www.jstor.org/stable/614714.
LONGVA, Anh Nga. From the Dhimma to the Capitulations: Memory and Experience of Protection in Lebanon. In: LONGVA, Anh Nga; ROALD, Anne Sofijie (Ed.). Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation. Leiden e Boston: Brill, 2012. p. 47–69.
MCGOWAN, Bruce. The age of the Ayans, 1699–1812. In İNALCIK, Halil; QUATAERT, Donald (eds). An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 714.
MAKDISI, Ussama. After 1860: Debating Religion, Reform, and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. International Journal of Middle East Studies, v. 34, n. 4, p. 601–617, 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879690.
MAKDISI, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism. First edition. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2000.
MAKDISI, Ussama. Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2011.
MASTERS, Bruce. Christians Jews Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Revised ed. edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
MASTERS, Bruce. Jizya. In: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File, 2009.
MASTERS, Bruce. The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria. In: Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule. Leiden: Brill, 2010. p. 455–473.
O’SULLIVAN, Shaun. Coptic Conversion and the Islamization of Egypt. Mamluk Studies Review, v. 10, n. 2, 2006. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_X-2_2006-OSullivan.pdf.
PEIRCE, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
POLLEY, Gabriel. ‘Down with the Bell!’ The Nāblus Uprising of April 1856. Romance, Revolution and Reform, 2, 2020, p. 12-35.
ROGAN, Eugene L. Sectarianism and Social Conflict in Damascus: The 1860 Events Reconsidered. Arabica 51, no. 4 (2004), pp. 493-511. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27667683.
ROY, Olivier. Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
SALIBI, Kamal. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. London: IB Tauris, 1988.
SHARKEY, Heather J. A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
SHAW, Stanford J. The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System. International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 1975, pp. 421-459. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/162752. Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.
TRABOULSI, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press, 2012.
WALBINER, Carten-Michael. The split of the Greek Orthodox patriarchate of Antioch (1724) and the emergence of a new identity in Bilad al-Sham as reflected by some Melkite historians of the 18th and early 20th centuries. Chronos, v. 7, p. 9–36, 2003.
ZUCKERMAN, Phil. Society Without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
Publicado
18-02-2021
Como Citar
Cherem, Y. A., & Zahreddine, D. (2021). Integration, conflict, and autonomy among religious minorities in the late Ottoman Empire: the Greek-Catholic (Melkite) Church and sectarian turmoil in Mount Lebanon and Damascus. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 8(4), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2020v8n4p59-79
Seção
Dossiê Império Otomano