Los Desafíos a la Democracia Contemporánea
Resumo
Una creciente literatura, desde hace ya varios años, sostiene que presenciamos un periodo de recesión de los valores democráticos, que se entiende como la disminución en el ritmo de avance y de los logros ocurridos durante la tercera ola de democratización global. Sin embargo, estos procesos parecen responder más a las dinámicas internas de los Estados que a un proceso generalizado de desprecio por los regímenes democráticos, las transformaciones de la política global también han dificultado —y lo hacen cada vez más— el mantenimiento y generación de nuevos pactos democráticos. El presente ensayo contribuye al análisis de la forma en que la democratización ha interactuado en los procesos de construcción de Estado, y rastrea la forma en que ayuda a explicar una eventual recesión democrática. Para ello, en primer lugar, se presenta una reconstrucción de los distintos argumentos teóricos que han logrado presentar a la democracia liberal como un modelo superior a los regímenes autoritarios de derecha e izquierda. A continuación, se revisa críticamente los principales aportes en materia de estudios sobre las transiciones y la consolidación de la democracia. En la sección tres, se hace una revisión del estado del arte de la literatura sobre la naturaleza de la crisis democrática contemporánea. Finalmente, se hace un recorrido sobre las perspectivas de superar la crisis democrática actual en América Latina.
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Referências
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. (2002). Reversal of fortune: geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1231-294.
Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boix, C., & Stokes, S. (2003). Endogenous democratization. World Politics, 55(4), 517-49. Brennan, J. (2016). Against Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cardoso, F., & Falleto, E. (1975). Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina: ensayo de interpretación sociológica. México: Siglo XXI.
Carey, J. (2000). Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6-7), 735-61.
Chagas-Bastos, F. (2019). Political realignment in Brazil: Jair Bolsonaro and the right turn. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (69), 92-100.
Collier, D. (1979). The Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model: Synthesis and priorities for future research. In D. Collier (Ed.), The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Collier, D., & Levitsky, S. (1997). Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research. World Politics, 49(3), 430-51.
Collier, D., & Levitsky, S. (2009). Democracy: Conceptual hierarchies in comparative research. In D. Collier, & J. Gerring (Eds.), Concepts and Method in Social Science (pp. 269- 288). New York: Routledge.
Collier, D., & Mahon, J. (1993). Conceptual ‘Stretching’ Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis. American Political Science Review, 87(4), 845-55.
Collier, D., & Mahoney, J. (1996). Insights and Pitfalls: selection bias in qualitative research. World Politics, 49(1), 56-91.
Dahl, R. (1971). La poliarquía: Participación y oposición. New Haven: Yale University Press.
De Sousa Santos B. (2001). Los nuevos movimientos sociales. OSAL (Septiembre), 177-84. Diamond, L. (2015). Facing Up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 144- 55.
Diamond, L. (2016). Democracy in Decline How Washington Can Reverse the Tide. Foreign Affairs, 95(4), 151-59.
Diamond, L., Plattner, M. F., & Walker, C. (2016). Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Drake, P. (1982). Populism in South America. Latin American Research Review, 17(1), 190.199. Elias, N. (1998). Los procesos de formación de estado y de construcción de la nación. Historia y Sociedad, (5), 102-17.
Emgerman, S., & Sokoloff, K. (2002). Factor Endowments, inequality, and paths of development among New World economies. Economia, 3(1), 41-88.
Evans, P. (1979). Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Why is Democracy Performing So Poorly? Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 11-20.
Geddes, B. (2006). Paradigms and Sandcastles. Theory building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
Ginsburg, T. (2015). Constitutions as Political Institutions. In J. Gandhi, & R. Ruiz-Rufino (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions (pp. 101-112). New York: Routledge. Hagopian, F., & Mainwaring, S. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. Huntington, S. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keefer, P. (2007). The poor performance of poor democracies. In C. Coix, & S. Stokes, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 886-909). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (1997). Why don’t poor countries catch up? A cross national test of an institutional explanation. Economic Inquiry, 35(3), 590-602.
Kotzian, P. (2011). Public support for liberal democracy. International Political Science Review, 32(1), 23-41.
Krieckhaus, J., Son, B., & Bellinger, N. (2014). Economic inequality and democracy support. Journal of Politics, 76(1), 139-51.
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). Cómo mueren las democracias. Barcelona: Ariel. Lijphart, A. (2012). Modelos de democracia. Formas de gobierno y resultados en 36 países. Madrid: Ariel.
Linz, J., & Stepan, A. (1996). Toward Consolidated Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14-33.
Linz, J., & Valenzuela, A. (1994). The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, S. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
Lipset, S. (1981). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Macdougall, A., Feddes, A., & Doosj, B. (2020). ‘They’ve Put Nothing in the Pot!’: Brexit and the Key Psychological Motivations Behind Voting ‘Remain’ and ‘Leave’. Political Psychology, 41(5), 979-95.
Mahoney, J. (2007). Qualitative Methodology and comparative politics. Comparative Political Studies, 40(2), 122-44.
Mainwaring, S., & Pérez-Liñán, A. (2013). Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, S., & Pérez-Liñán. (2015). Cross-Currents in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 114-27.
Manin, B., Przeworski, A., & Stokes, S. (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, M. (2005). The dark side of democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001). Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Micklethwait, J., & Wooldridge, A. (2014). The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State. New York: Penguin Press.
Møller, J., & Skaaning, S. (2013). The Third Way: Inside the Numbers. Journal of Democracy, 24(4), 97-109.
Moore, B. (2015). Los orígenes sociales de la dictadura y la democracia. El señor y el campesino en la formación del mundo moderno. Barcelona: Ariel.
Mudde, C. (2010). The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy. West European Politics, 33(6), 1167-86.
Muliro, A. (2017). Editorial: The Crisis of Democracy. Development, 60, 145-48.
Mutz, D. (2018). Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), E4330-39.
Nathan, A. (2016). China’s Challenge. In L. Diamond, M. Plattner, & C. Walker, Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy (pp. 23-37). Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic Deficit. Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
O’Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.
O’Donnell, G. (1996). Illusions about consolidation. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 34-51.
O’Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., & Whitehead, L. (1986). Transiciones desde un gobierno autoritario. Conclusiones tentativas sobre democracias inciertas. Barcelona: Paidós.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Orjuela, L. J., Chagas-Bastos, F., & Chenou, J-M. (2017). El incierto ‘efecto Trump’ en el orden global. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (61), 107-11.
Pérez-Liñan, A. (2009). Juicio politico al president y nueva inestabilidad política en América Latina. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Studies in Rationality and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, A. (2010). ¿Qué esperar de la democracia? Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores.
Przeworski, A. (2019). Crisis of Democracy. New York: New York University.
Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1997). Modernization: Theories and facts. World Politics, 49(2), 155-83.
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rudra, N. (2005). Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 704-30.
Rueschemeyer, D., Huber, E., & Stephens, J. (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Runciman, D. (2018). How Democracy Ends. London: Profile Books.
Sartori, G. (1970). Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. American Political Science, 64(4), 1033-53.
Schmitter, P. (1994). Peligros y Dilemas de la Democracia. Ciencia Política, (37), 103-20.
Schmitter, P., & Lynn, T. (1991). What Democracy is... and is not. Journal of Democracy, 2(3), 75-88.
Schumpeter, J. (1947). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers. Stokes, S. (1997). Are parties what’s wrong with democracy in Latin America? XX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. Guadalajara.
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. (2002). Reversal of fortune: geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1231-294.
Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boix, C., & Stokes, S. (2003). Endogenous democratization. World Politics, 55(4), 517-49. Brennan, J. (2016). Against Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cardoso, F., & Falleto, E. (1975). Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina: ensayo de interpretación sociológica. México: Siglo XXI.
Carey, J. (2000). Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6-7), 735-61.
Chagas-Bastos, F. (2019). Political realignment in Brazil: Jair Bolsonaro and the right turn. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (69), 92-100.
Collier, D. (1979). The Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model: Synthesis and priorities for future research. In D. Collier (Ed.), The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Collier, D., & Levitsky, S. (1997). Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research. World Politics, 49(3), 430-51.
Collier, D., & Levitsky, S. (2009). Democracy: Conceptual hierarchies in comparative research. In D. Collier, & J. Gerring (Eds.), Concepts and Method in Social Science (pp. 269- 288). New York: Routledge.
Collier, D., & Mahon, J. (1993). Conceptual ‘Stretching’ Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis. American Political Science Review, 87(4), 845-55.
Collier, D., & Mahoney, J. (1996). Insights and Pitfalls: selection bias in qualitative research. World Politics, 49(1), 56-91.
Dahl, R. (1971). La poliarquía: Participación y oposición. New Haven: Yale University Press.
De Sousa Santos B. (2001). Los nuevos movimientos sociales. OSAL (Septiembre), 177-84. Diamond, L. (2015). Facing Up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 144- 55.
Diamond, L. (2016). Democracy in Decline How Washington Can Reverse the Tide. Foreign Affairs, 95(4), 151-59.
Diamond, L., Plattner, M. F., & Walker, C. (2016). Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Drake, P. (1982). Populism in South America. Latin American Research Review, 17(1), 190.199. Elias, N. (1998). Los procesos de formación de estado y de construcción de la nación. Historia y Sociedad, (5), 102-17.
Emgerman, S., & Sokoloff, K. (2002). Factor Endowments, inequality, and paths of development among New World economies. Economia, 3(1), 41-88.
Evans, P. (1979). Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Why is Democracy Performing So Poorly? Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 11-20.
Geddes, B. (2006). Paradigms and Sandcastles. Theory building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
Ginsburg, T. (2015). Constitutions as Political Institutions. In J. Gandhi, & R. Ruiz-Rufino (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions (pp. 101-112). New York: Routledge. Hagopian, F., & Mainwaring, S. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. Huntington, S. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keefer, P. (2007). The poor performance of poor democracies. In C. Coix, & S. Stokes, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 886-909). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (1997). Why don’t poor countries catch up? A cross national test of an institutional explanation. Economic Inquiry, 35(3), 590-602.
Kotzian, P. (2011). Public support for liberal democracy. International Political Science Review, 32(1), 23-41.
Krieckhaus, J., Son, B., & Bellinger, N. (2014). Economic inequality and democracy support. Journal of Politics, 76(1), 139-51.
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). Cómo mueren las democracias. Barcelona: Ariel. Lijphart, A. (2012). Modelos de democracia. Formas de gobierno y resultados en 36 países. Madrid: Ariel.
Linz, J., & Stepan, A. (1996). Toward Consolidated Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14-33.
Linz, J., & Valenzuela, A. (1994). The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, S. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
Lipset, S. (1981). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Macdougall, A., Feddes, A., & Doosj, B. (2020). ‘They’ve Put Nothing in the Pot!’: Brexit and the Key Psychological Motivations Behind Voting ‘Remain’ and ‘Leave’. Political Psychology, 41(5), 979-95.
Mahoney, J. (2007). Qualitative Methodology and comparative politics. Comparative Political Studies, 40(2), 122-44.
Mainwaring, S., & Pérez-Liñán, A. (2013). Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, S., & Pérez-Liñán. (2015). Cross-Currents in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 114-27.
Manin, B., Przeworski, A., & Stokes, S. (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, M. (2005). The dark side of democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001). Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Micklethwait, J., & Wooldridge, A. (2014). The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State. New York: Penguin Press.
Møller, J., & Skaaning, S. (2013). The Third Way: Inside the Numbers. Journal of Democracy, 24(4), 97-109.
Moore, B. (2015). Los orígenes sociales de la dictadura y la democracia. El señor y el campesino en la formación del mundo moderno. Barcelona: Ariel.
Mudde, C. (2010). The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy. West European Politics, 33(6), 1167-86.
Muliro, A. (2017). Editorial: The Crisis of Democracy. Development, 60, 145-48.
Mutz, D. (2018). Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), E4330-39.
Nathan, A. (2016). China’s Challenge. In L. Diamond, M. Plattner, & C. Walker, Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy (pp. 23-37). Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic Deficit. Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
O’Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.
O’Donnell, G. (1996). Illusions about consolidation. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 34-51.
O’Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., & Whitehead, L. (1986). Transiciones desde un gobierno autoritario. Conclusiones tentativas sobre democracias inciertas. Barcelona: Paidós.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Orjuela, L. J., Chagas-Bastos, F., & Chenou, J-M. (2017). El incierto ‘efecto Trump’ en el orden global. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (61), 107-11.
Pérez-Liñan, A. (2009). Juicio politico al president y nueva inestabilidad política en América Latina. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Studies in Rationality and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, A. (2010). ¿Qué esperar de la democracia? Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores.
Przeworski, A. (2019). Crisis of Democracy. New York: New York University.
Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1997). Modernization: Theories and facts. World Politics, 49(2), 155-83.
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rudra, N. (2005). Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 704-30.
Rueschemeyer, D., Huber, E., & Stephens, J. (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Runciman, D. (2018). How Democracy Ends. London: Profile Books.
Sartori, G. (1970). Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics. American Political Science, 64(4), 1033-53.
Schmitter, P. (1994). Peligros y Dilemas de la Democracia. Ciencia Política, (37), 103-20.
Schmitter, P., & Lynn, T. (1991). What Democracy is... and is not. Journal of Democracy, 2(3), 75-88.
Schumpeter, J. (1947). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers. Stokes, S. (1997). Are parties what’s wrong with democracy in Latin America? XX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. Guadalajara.
Publicado
09-01-2023
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Chaparro-Martinez, L. (2023). Los Desafíos a la Democracia Contemporánea. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 10(2), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2022v10n2p7-20
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