Consecrated Ground: Spatial Exclusion and the Black Urban Body
Resumo
There has been a long history of discrimination, exclusion, and racial segregation of Canada’s black communities. The establishment and growth of the slave trade, enabled by European maritime technology, made it economically feasible and efficient to establish a trade network of slaves between Africa and the New World. Labour supply in the Americas was affected not only by the lack of Native Americans’ immunity to European diseases, but by European workers’ inability to contend with the extreme heat and tropical diseases in the South American colonies. James Walker argues that contrary to the prevalent understanding that the slave trade was justified by a racialized discourse which constructed the black body inferior to that of whites, “it was the superiority of African labourers in the New World tropics that sealed their fate as slaves” (140).
Downloads
Referências
ANSAY, Pierre, SCHOONBRODT, R. eds. Penser la ville: Choix de textes philosophiques. Brussels: Éditions des archives d’architecture moderne, 1989.
ASHCROFT, Bill, GRIFFITHS, G., TIFFIN, H. “Introduction.” The PostColonial Studies Reader. Ed. B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, and H. Tiffin. New York: Routledge, 1995.
ASHCROFT, Bill, GRIFFITHS, G., TIFFIN, H. Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts. New York: Routledge, 2001.
BACHELARD, Gaston. La poétique de l’espace. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.
BAILLY, Antoine. Représenter la ville. Paris: Economica, 1995.
BAKER, Alan, BIGER. G. Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective: Essays on the Meanings of Places in the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
BARTHES, Roland. “Sémiologie et urbanisme.” Architecture aujourd’hui, v. 152 (1970), pp. 11-13.
BURMAN, Jenny. “At the Scene of the Crossroads, ‘Somewhere in this Silvered City’: Diasporic Public Spheres in Toronto.” Public v. 22 / 23, pp. 195-202.
CAVELL, Richard. “Theorizing Canadian Space: Postcolonial Articulations.” Canada: Theoretical Discourse / Discours théoriques. Selected Proceedings, Theoretical Discourse and the Canadian Intellectual Community Conference. Saint-Jovite, Québec, 1992. Eds. Terry Goldie, Carmen Lambert, and Rowland Lorimer. Association for Canadian Studies, 1994, pp. 75 -104.
CHANADY, Amaryll. “La spatialisation de l’histoire dans la narration.” L’espace en toutes lettres. Eds. Rachel Bouvet and Basma Omari. Montréal: Éditions Nota Bene, 2003, pp. 53-73.
CLAIRMONT, Donald H., MAGILL, Dennis William. Africville: The Life and Death of a Canadian Black Community. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974.
CLARKE, Austin. Choosing His Coffin: The Best Stories of Austin Clarke. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers, 2003.
CLARKE, George Elliott. Execution Poems. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Gaspereau Press, 2001.
CLARKE, George Elliott. Fire on the Water: An Anthology of Black Nova Scotian Writing: Vol.2. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995.
CLARKE, George Elliott. “Campbell Road Church.” Fire on the Water. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, pp. 146-147.
CLARKE, George Elliott. “Salvation Army Blues.” Fire on the Water.
Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, p.150.
CLARKE, George Elliott. Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian
Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.
CLIFFORD, J. “Travelling Cultures.” Cultural Studies. Eds L. Gossberg, C. Nelson and P. Treichler. London: Routledge, 1992.
DECERTEAU, Michel. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald NicholsonSmith. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1991.
DE DIEGO, Rosa. Les villes de la mémoire. Montréal: Humanitas, 1997.
DELEUZE, Gilles, GUATTARI, F. “Qu’est-ce qu’une littérature mineure?” Kafka: pour une littérature mineure. Paris: Minuit, 1975, pp. 29-50.
DELEUZE, Gilles, GUATTARI, F. A Thousand Plateaus – Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. B. Massumi. London: Athalone Press, 1988.
DUNCAN, James, LEY, D., eds. Place / Culture / Representation. London: Routledge, 1993.
FANON, Frantz. Black Skin White Masks. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
FERGUSON, Priscilla Parkhurst. “The Flâneur On and Off the Streets of Paris.” The Flâneur. Ed. Keith Tester. New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 22-42.
FIAMENGO, Janice. “Regionalism and Urbanism.” The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature. Ed. Eva-Marie Kröller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 241-262.
FOSTER, Cecil. A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black in Canada. Toronto: Harper Perennial Canada, 1996.
FOUCAULT, Michel. “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics, v.16.1(1986), pp. 22-27.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
FOUCAULT, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Random House, 1970.
GILBERT, Helen. “Black and White and Re(a)d All Over Again: Indigenous Minstrelsy in Contemporary Canadian and Australian Theatre.” Theatre Journal, v. 55 (2003), pp. 679-698.
GILLOCH, Graeme. Myth and Metropolis: Walter Benjamin and the City. Cambridge: Blackwell Press, 1996.
GOLDBERG, David. Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
GOULD, Peter, WHITE, R. Mental Maps. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986.
GREGORY, Derek. Geographical Imaginations. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1994.
GROSZ, Elizabeth. Space, Time, and Perversion. New York: Routledge, 1995.
HARBISON, Robert. Eccentric Spaces. New York: Knopf, 1977.
HARVEY, David. Spaces of Hope. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000.
HESSE, Barnor. “Black to Front and Black Again: Racialization Through Contested Times and Spaces.” Place and the Politics of Identity. Eds. Michael Keith and Steve Pile. London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 162-182.
HISS, Tony. The Experience of Place. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
HOLIDAY, Billie. “Strange Fruit.” By Lewis Allan. Lady in Autumn. New York: Polygram, 1991.
HOOKS, Bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Toronto: Between the Lines, 1990.
HUGGAN, Graham. “Decolonizing the Map.” The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. New York: Routledge, 1995, pp. 407-411.
HUTCHEON, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1989.
ITWARU, Arnold Harrichand. The Invention of Canada: Literary Text and the Immigrant Imaginary. Toronto: Tsar, 1990.
JACOBS, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York; Vintage Books, 1961.
JARVIS, Brian. Postmodern Cartographies: The Geographical Imagination in Contemporary American Culture. London: Pluto Press, 1998.
JAYE, Michael C., WATTS, A.C., eds. Literature and the Urban Experience: Essays on the City and Literature. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1981.
KEITH, Michael, PILE, S., Eds. Place and the Politics of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1993.
KRISTEVA, Julia. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
KRISTEVA, Julia. Étrangers à nous-mêmes. Paris: Gallimard, 1988.
KRÖLLER, Eva-Marie. “The City as Metaphor.” Canadian Literature, v. 169 (2001), pp. 5-10.
LAPORTE, Dominique. History of Shit. Trans. Nadia Benabid and Rodolphe elKhoury. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993.
LYNCH, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1960.
MACLENNAN, Hugh. Two Solitudes. Toronto: Macmillan, 1986.
MANNING, Erin. Ephemeral Territories: Representing Nation, Home, and Identity in Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
MARTINEZ, Jill. “An Interview with George Ryga.” Journal of Canadian Fiction, v. 35-35. (1986), pp. 106-121.
MASSEY, Doreen. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
MITCHELL, Don. Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
MOHANRAM, Radhika. Black Body: Women, Colonialism, and Space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
MUMFORD, Lewis. The City in History. New York: Harcourt and Brace, 1961.
NELSON, J. “The Space of Africville: Creating, Regulating, and Remembering the ‘Urban Slum.’” Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping White Settler Society. Ed. Sherene Razack. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2002, pp. 211-232.
NEW, W.H. A History of Canadian Literature. Montréal and Kingston: McGillQueen’s University Press, 2003.
NEW, W.H. Borderlands: How We Talk About Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1998.
NEW, W.H. Land Sliding: Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
PACHE, Walter. “Urban Writing.” Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. Ed. W.H. New. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. 1148-1156.
PIKE, Burton. The Image of the City in Modern Literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.
PILE, Steve, THRIFT, N. Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation. London: Routledge, 1995.
RAZACK, Sherene. “Introduction: When Place Becomes Race.” Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping White Settler Society. Ed. Sherene Razack. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2002.
RYBCZYNSKI, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World.
Toronto: Harper Collins, 1995.
SAID, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978.
SANDERS, Leslie. “Anti-Modern Spaces: African Canadians in Nova Scotia.” Floating the Borders: New Contexts in Canadian Criticism. Ed. Nurjehan Aziz. Toronto: Tsar, 1999, pp. 106-121.
SAUNDERS, Charles R. “A Visit to Africville.” Fire on the Water. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, pp. 53-65.
SENNETT, Richard. Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization. New York: Norton and Company, 1994.
SIBLEY, David. Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West. London: Routledge, 1995.
SILVERA, Makeda. Her Head a Village and Other Stories. Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1994.
SIMMEL, Georges. “The Metropolis and Mental Life.” On Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
SOJA, Edward. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso, 1989.
WALCOTT, Rinaldo. Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada. Toronto: Insomniac Press, 2003.
WALKER, James. “African-Canadians.” Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, pp. 139-176.
WARD, Frederick. “Mary.” Fire on the Water. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, p. 17.
WARD, Frederick. “Dialogue # 1.” Fire on the Water. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, pp. 18-19.
WATSON, Sophie, GIBSON, K., eds. Postmodern Cities and Spaces. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
WEIMER, David R. The City as Metaphor. New York: Random House, 1966.
WELTON, Donn. “Introduction: Situating the Body.” Body and Flesh: A Philosophical Reader. Ed. Donn Welton. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 1-8.
WESLEY-DESMOND, Gloria. “Jump the Broom.” Fire on the Water.
Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, pp. 69-70.
WESLEY-DESMOND, Gloria. “Back Alley Tramp.” Fire on the Water.
Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, 1995, pp. 66-67.
WHITLOCK, Gillian. “The Bush, the Barrack-Yard and the Clearing: ‛Colonial Realism’ in the Sketches and Stories of Susanna Moodie, C. L. R. James and Henry Lawson.” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, v. 20.1 (1985), pp. 33-48.
WILLIAMS, Rosalind. Notes on the Underground: An Essay on Technology, Society, and the Imagination. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992.
WILSON, Elizabeth. The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women. London: Virago, 1991.
WOODS, David. Native Song: Poetry & Paintings. Halifax: Nimbus Pub Ltd, 2008.
YORK. Lorraine. “Home Thoughts or Abroad? A Rhetoric of Place in Modern and Postmodern Canadian Political Poetry.” Canadian Literature, v. 51-52 (1994), pp. 321-339.
Copyright (c) 2016 Scripta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
O envio de qualquer colaboração implica, automaticamente, a cessão integral dos direitos autorais à PUC Minas. Solicita-se aos autores assegurarem:
- a inexistência de conflito de interesses (relações entre autores, empresas/instituições ou indivíduos com interesse no tema abordado pelo artigo), e
- órgãos ou instituições financiadoras da pesquisa que deu origem ao artigo.
- todos os trabalhos submetidos estarão automaticamente inscritos sob uma licença creative commons do tipo "by-nc-nd/4.0".