An international projection of South Korea through K-pop as a cultural product
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n1p23-37Keywords:
Soft Power, Hallyu, K-pop, National Branding, Cultural DiplomacyAbstract
The concept of culture can affect the interests of the international market, besides providing an important political role for the country. Therefore, culture plays an important part in the process of national branding. In that sense, this article considers the use of culture in the concept of South Korean Soft Power, focusing on the Korean pop (kpop), presenting the development of this industry, considering the political and economic gains for South Korea. In the latest years, the expansion of kpop industry worldwide, presented as an instrument of cultural diplomacy, attract the attention of other countries and created this positive image for South Korea.
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MATTOS, T. O que o K-Pop pode nos ensinar sobre diplomacia cultural e política pública. Disponível em: <https://www.huffpostbrasil.com/thiago-mattos/o-que-o-k-poppode-nos-ensinar-sobre-diplomacia-cultural-e-politica-publica_a_23230390/>. Acesso em: 20 maio. 2019
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MOFA. Ministry of Foreign Affairs in History and Organization. 2021. Disponível em: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_5744/contents.do. Acesso em: março de 2021.
Nisi, Roberto. (2017). The Soft Power of Cool: Japanese Foreign Policy in the 21st century. 10.13140/RG.2.2.22804.96645/3.
NYE, Joseph S., Jr. 2005. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs Books.
NYE, Joseph. O Futuro do Poder. Benvirá. São Paulo, 2011.
NYE, J. S. Soft power and public diplomacy revisited. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v. 14, n. 1–2, p. 7–20, 2019.
OGOURA, Kazuo. From Ikebana to manga and beyond: Japan’s cultural and public diplomacy is Evolving. Global Asia, v. 7, n. 3, 2012, p. 24-28.
OLIVEIRA, Amaury P. A política coreana na Ásia: aspectos políticos e militares. Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais, 2002.
SUN, W. (2015). Slow boat from China: public discourses behind the ‘going global’ media policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(4), 400–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1043129
THE ECONOMIST. Soap, sparkle and pop. 2014. Disponível em: <https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21611039-how-really-uncool-countrybecame-tastemaker-asia-soap-sparkle-and-pop>. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2019.
VU, Tuong. Divergent National Paths of State Development: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,UK. 2010.
WALSH, John. Hallyu as a Government Construct: The Korean Wave in the Context of Economic and Social Development. IN: KUWAHARA, Yasue. (Edt). The Korean Wave: Korean Popular Culture in Global Context. Palgrave: Nova York. 2014, p.13-30
ANG, I., ISAR, Y. R.; MAR, P. Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest? International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(4), 365–381, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042474
AZEVEDO JR, Aryovaldo de Castro; GONÇALVES, Maurício Reinaldo. Cinema, Propaganda e O American Way Of Life. 2015. Gt Comunicação E Consumo, do VII Encontro de Pesquisa em Comunicação – ENPECOM. Disponível em: <https://eventos.ufpr.br/enpecom/enpecom2015/paper/download/96/24> Acesso em: 12 out. 2019.
BRAGA, Lívia. BTS: O fenômeno K-pop além da dimensão musical. Desenvolvimento e Sociedade. n.º 7 - Dezembro 2019, p. 79-86.
BURNS, T. The propaganda of violence: early Hollywood war films. v. 6, p. 5–16, dez. 2010.
HASHIMOTO, K. Japanese language and soft power in Asia. [s.l: s.n.].
CHAE, Heeju. PARK, Joo. KO, Eunju. The effect of attributes of Korean trendy drama on consumer attitude, national image, and consumer acceptance intention for sustainable Hallyu culture. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 11:1, 18-36, 2019. DOI:
10.1080/20932685.2019.1680305.
FAN, Y. Branding the nation: Towards a better understanding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., Vol. 6, 2, 97–103, 2010. Disponível em: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/pb.2010.16 Acesso em: 15 out. 2021.
GILBOA, E. Diplomacy in the media age: Three models of uses and effects. Tandfoline. 2001. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592290108406201. Acesso em: 2 out. 2021. DOI: 10.1080/09592290108406201
GROOT, G. Cool Japan Versus the China Threat: Does Japan’s Popular Culture Success Mean More Soft Power? In.: HASHIMOTO, K. (Edt). Japanese Language and Soft Power in Asia. Singapura. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.pp. 15–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5086-2
HUDSON, V. M. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Second ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.
JANG, Gunjoo; PAIK, Won K. Korean Wave as Tool for Korea’s New Cultural Diplomacy. Advances in Applied Sociology [online]. 2012, n. 3, p. 196-202. Disponível em: <https://file.scirp.org/pdf/AASoci20120300004_59668127.pdf>. Acesso em: 23 maio. 2019.
JIN, Dal Yong. The New Korean Wave in the Creative Industry Hallyu 2.0. II Journal Universidade de Michigan. 2012. Disponível em: <https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dodidx/Hallyu-20-the-new-korean-wave-in-the-creative-industry.pdf?c=iij;idno=11645653.0002.102;format=pdf>. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2019.
JONGHOE, Y. Globalization, Nationalism and Regionalization: The case of Korean Popular Culture. Development and Society, v. 36, n. 2, p. 177-199, 2007.
JUN, Hannah. Hallyu at a Crossroads: The Clash of Koreas Soft Power Success and Chinas Hard Power Threat in Light of Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) System Deployment. Asian International Studies Review, v. 18, n. 1, p. 153-169, 2017.
KIM, Eun Mee; KIM, Pil Ho; KIM, Jinkyung. From development to development cooperation: foreign aid, country ownership, and the developmental state in South Korea. The Pacific Review, 26:3, 313-336, 2013.
KIM, Ji-Eun. "Korean wave" in China: its impact on the South Korean-Chinese relations. 2011. Tese de Doutorado. University of British Columbia.
KIM, Hwajung. The Importance of Nation Brand. Cultural Diplomacy, nov 2012.
KOCCA. Korea [2018 Vol.14 No.12]. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.kocis.go.kr/eng/openPublications/view.do?seq=12002&langCode=lang002&menucode=menu0174&menuType=Kocis_Board_Eng_Pub&idx=13045&cateCodeList=cate0032&pageQuery=page%3D4%26pageSize%3D10%26photoPageSize%3D6%26totalCount%3D0%26searchType%3D%26searchText%3D&searchType=&searchText=&rn=40&cateCode=>. Acesso em: 29 jun. 2020.
KOREAN CULTURE AND INFORMATION SERVICE. The Korean Wave: A New Pop Culture Phenomenon. Contemporary Korea. n. 1, 2011. Disponível em: <http://biznetasia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The-Korean-Wave-A-New-Pop-CulturePhenomenon.pdf>. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2019.
KOREAN CULTURE AND INFORMATION SERVICE. Overview. Disponível em:
<http://eng.kofice.or.kr/b00_HallyuReports/b10_reports_list.asp> Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019.
KOREAN CULTURE AND INFORMATION SERVICE. The Korean Wave: A New Pop Culture Phenomenon. Contemporary Korea Nº1 by Korean Culture and Information Service and Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 2011. Disponível em: https://issuu.com/kocis9/docs/the_korean_wave_2011. Acesso em: 23 maio de 2019.
KU, Yangmo. South Korean economy. IN: KU, Yangmo; LEE, Inyeop; WOO, Jongseok. Politics in North and South Korea: Political development, economy, and foreign relations. Routledge, New York, p.71-90, 2018a.
KU, Yangmo. South Korean diplomacy. IN: KU, Yangmo; LEE, Inyeop; WOO, Jongseok. Politics in North and South Korea: Political Development, Economy, and Foreign Relations. Routledge, New York, p.71-90, 2018b.
KUWAHARA, Yasue. Introduction. IN: KUWAHARA, Yasue. (Edt). The Korean Wave: Korean Popular Culture in Global Context. Palgrave: Nova York. 2014, p.1-9.
LEE, Geun. A Theory of Soft Power and Korea’s Soft Power Strategy. School of International Studies, Seoul National University. 2009. Disponível em: http://scholar.google.com.br/scholar_url?url=https://www.academia.edu/download/44753173/A_Theory_of_Soft_Power_and_Koreas_Soft_Power_Strategy_Lee1_1.pdf&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=v3tiYKy9ApD_mAH2zr34AQ&scisig=AAGBfm31XJMqDmU3FmEgag3azywMoNwCJQ&nossl=1&oi=scholarr. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019
LEE, Sook. South Korean Soft Power and How South Korea Views the Soft Power of Others. IN: LEE, Sook. MELISSEN, Jan (Edt). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. Palgrave: New York, p.139-162, 2011.
LEONARD, M.; STEAD, C.; SMEWING, C. Public Diplomacy. 1 ed. London: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2002.
MARTIN ROLL. Korean Wave (Hallyu) – The Rise of Korea’s Cultural Economy & Pop Culture. 2017. Disponível em: <https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/asia/korean-waveHallyu-the-rise-of-koreas-cultural-economy-pop-culture/>. Acesso em: 23 maio 2019.
MATTOS, T. O que o K-Pop pode nos ensinar sobre diplomacia cultural e política pública. Disponível em: <https://www.huffpostbrasil.com/thiago-mattos/o-que-o-k-poppode-nos-ensinar-sobre-diplomacia-cultural-e-politica-publica_a_23230390/>. Acesso em: 20 maio. 2019
MESSERLIN, Patrick A; SHIN, Wonkyu. The K-pop Wave: An Economic Analysis. 2013. Disponível em: <http://gem.sciences-po.fr/content/publications/pdf/MesserlinShin_Kpop01072013.pdf>. Acesso em: 29 jun. 2019
MOFA. Ministry of Foreign Affairs in History and Organization. 2021. Disponível em: http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_5744/contents.do. Acesso em: março de 2021.
Nisi, Roberto. (2017). The Soft Power of Cool: Japanese Foreign Policy in the 21st century. 10.13140/RG.2.2.22804.96645/3.
NYE, Joseph S., Jr. 2005. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs Books.
NYE, Joseph. O Futuro do Poder. Benvirá. São Paulo, 2011.
NYE, J. S. Soft power and public diplomacy revisited. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v. 14, n. 1–2, p. 7–20, 2019.
OGOURA, Kazuo. From Ikebana to manga and beyond: Japan’s cultural and public diplomacy is Evolving. Global Asia, v. 7, n. 3, 2012, p. 24-28.
OLIVEIRA, Amaury P. A política coreana na Ásia: aspectos políticos e militares. Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais, 2002.
SUN, W. (2015). Slow boat from China: public discourses behind the ‘going global’ media policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(4), 400–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1043129
THE ECONOMIST. Soap, sparkle and pop. 2014. Disponível em: <https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21611039-how-really-uncool-countrybecame-tastemaker-asia-soap-sparkle-and-pop>. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2019.
VU, Tuong. Divergent National Paths of State Development: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,UK. 2010.
WALSH, John. Hallyu as a Government Construct: The Korean Wave in the Context of Economic and Social Development. IN: KUWAHARA, Yasue. (Edt). The Korean Wave: Korean Popular Culture in Global Context. Palgrave: Nova York. 2014, p.13-30
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Published
2023-11-15
How to Cite
Souza, R. O. F. ., Mota, A. C. da R., Nóbrega, G. L., & Leite, A. C. C. (2023). An international projection of South Korea through K-pop as a cultural product. Conjuntura Internacional, 19(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n1p23-37
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