Mercados de carbono têm reduzido as emissões agregadas de GEE?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n3p31-37Palavras-chave:
mercados de carbono, emissões de GEE, antropocenoResumo
Este artigo tem por objetivos debater e investigar se mercados regulados de carbono contribuíram para reduzir as emissões agregadas de GEE nos países que os adotaram. Analisando dados de 194 países (1990-2019), vê-se que mercados implementantes não lograram reduzir seus níveis agregados de emissões.
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Referências
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ANDERSSON, Julius. Cars, carbon taxes and CO2 emissions. London. 2015.
AYDIN, Celil; ESEN, Ömer. Reducing CO2 emissions in the EU member states: Do environmental taxes work? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 61, p. 2396-2420, 2018.
BACCINI, A. et al. Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. Science, v. 358, p. 230-234, 2017.
BALL, Jeffrey. Hot Air Won't Fly: The New Climate Consensus That Carbon Pricing Isn't Cutting It. Joule, v. 2, p. 2491-2494, 2018.
BARANZINI, Andrea et al. Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, p. 462, 2017.
BERTRAM, Christoph et al. Complementing carbon prices with technology policies to keep climate targets within reach. Nature Climate Change volume, p. 235–239, 2015.
BIERMANN, Frank. The Anthropocene: A governance perspective. The Anthropocene Review, p. 57-61, 2014.
BIERMANN, Frank; PATTBERG, Philipp. Global environmental governance revisited. In: BIERMANN, Frank; PATTBERG, Philipp Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered. London: [s.n.], 2012. p. 1-24.
BRUVOLL, Annegrete; LARSEN, Merethe. Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway: do carbon taxes work? Energy Policy, v. 32, p. 493-505, 2004.
BURKE, Anthony et al. Planet Politics: A Manifesto from the End of IR. Millennium, v. 44, p. 499-523, 2016.
CALEL, Raphael; DECHEZLEPRÊTRE, Antoine. Environmental policy and directed technological change: evidence from the European carbon market. Review of economics and statistics, v. 46, p. 173-191, 2016.
CHANDLER, David; CUDWORTH, Erika; HOBDEN, Stephen. Anthropocene, capitalocene and liberal cosmopolitan IR: A response to Burke et al.'s 'planet politics'. Millennium, v. 46, p. 190-208, 2018.
CHEIN, Flávia. Introdução aos modelos de regressão linear: Um passo inicial para compreensão da econometria como uma ferramenta de avaliação de políticas públicas. Brasília: Escola Nacional de Administração Pública ENAP, 2019.
CHEVALLIER, Julien. Carbon price drivers: an updated literature review. International Journal Of Applied Logistics, v. 4, p. 1-7, 2013.
CONG, Ren; LO, Alex. Emission trading and carbon market performance in Shenzhen, China. Applied Energy, v. 193, p. 414-425, 2017.
CONSELHO EMPRESARIAL BRASILEIRO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL (CEBEDS). Visão Geral dos Mercados de Carbono: Objetivos, Dinâmicas e Desempenho. São Paulo. 2020.
CORNELL, Bradford; SHAPIRO, Alan. Corporate stakeholders, corporate valuation and ESG. European Financial Management, v. 27, p. 196-207, 2021.
DELABRE, Izabela et al. Unearthing the myths of global sustainable forest governance. Global Sustainability, v. 3, p. 16, 2020.
ENGIN, Ben. Bloomberg, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/. Acesso em: 2021.
FAGAN, Matthew et al. How feasible are global forest restoration commitments? Conservation Letters, v. 13, p. 1-8, 2020.
FLEISCHMAN, Forrest et al. Pitfalls of Tree Planting Show Why We Need People-Centered Natural Climate Solutions. BioScience, v. 50, p. 947-950, 2020.
FRIEDMAN, Linda. A trillion trees: how one idea triumphed over Trump's climate denialism. New York Times, 2020.
GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT. Global Carbon Project, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/. Acesso em: 17 abril 2021.
GREEN, Jessica. Order out of chaos: public and private rules for managing carbon. Global Environmental Politics, v. 13, p. 1-25, 2013a.
GREEN, Jessica. Rethinking private authority: Agents and entrepreneurs in global environmental governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013b.
GREEN, Jessica. Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses. Environmental Research Letters, v. 16, p. 1-18, 2021.
HAYA, Barbara et al. Managing uncertainty in carbon offsets: insights from California’s standardized approach. Climate Policy, v. 20, p. 1112-1126, 2020.
HOLL, Karen; BRANCALION, Pedro. Tree planting is not a simple solution. Science, v. 368, p. 580-581, 2020.
HUBAU, Wannes et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature, v. 579, p. 80-87, 2020.
INOUE, Cristina. Global Climate Governance: a proposed analytical framework under construction. Carta Internacional, v. 11, p. 91-117, 2016.
KAISER, Lars. ESG integration: value, growth and momentum. Journal of Asset Management, v. 21, p. 32-51, 2020.
KARWOWSKI, Mariusz; RAULINAJTYS-GRZYBEK, Monika. The application of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions for mitigation of environmental, social, corporate governance (ESG) and reputational risk in integrated reports. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 2021.
KILL, Jutta; SCHALATEK, Liliane. Green Climate Fund and REDD+: Funding the Paradigm Shift or Another Lost Decade. Washington. 2019.
LOREOUTIER, Marion. Carbon Pricing and Power Sector Decarbonisation: Evidence from the UK. Policy Papers, p. 34, 2021.
MACMAHON, Simon. The challenge of rating ESG performance. Harvard Business Review, v. 98, p. 52-54, 2020.
MARTIN, Ralf; MUÛLS, Mirabelle; WAGNER, Ulrich. The impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on regulated firms: What is the evidence after ten years? Review of environmental economics and policy, v. 10, p. 129-148, 2016.
MCAFEE, Kathleen. Green economy and carbon markets for conservation and development: a critical view. International Environmental Agreements. Politics, Law and Economics, p. 333-353, 2016.
MEHLING, Michael; TVINNEREIM, Endre. Carbon pricing and the 1.5 C target: near-term decarbonisation and the importance of an instrument mix. Carbon & CLimate Law Review, v. 12, p. 50-61, 2018.
METCALF, Gilbert E. Isn't There a Better Way? (No, There Isn't). In: METCALF, Gilbert E. Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax Is Good for America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. p. 52-71.
MURÈ, Pina et al. ESG and reputation: The case of sanctioned Italian banks. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, v. 28, p. 265-277, 2021.
NARASSIMHAN, Easwaran et al. Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Climate Policy, p. 967-991, 2018.
PEREIRA, Joana C. The limitations of ir theory regarding the environment: lessons from the anthropocene. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 60, p. 1-18, 2017.
QI, Tianyu; WENG, Yuyan. Economic impacts of an international carbon market in achieving the INDC targets. Energy, v. 109, p. 886-893, 2016.
REYES, Oscar; GILBERTSON, Tamra. Carbon trading: How it works and why it fails. Soundings, v. 45, p. 89-100, 2010.
ROCKSTRÖM, Johan et al. Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecology and society, v. 14, p. 1-33, 2009.
ROSENAU, James N.; CZEMPIEL, Ernst O. Governança sem governo: ordem e transformação na política mundial. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2000.
ROSENBLOOM, Daniel et al. Opinion: Why carbon pricing is not sufficient to mitigate climate change—and how “sustainability transition policy” can help. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 16, p. 8664-8668, 2020.
SACHINTHA, Fernando. The Environmental Effectiveness of Carbon Taxes: A Comparative Case Study of the Nordic Experience. Uppsala: Uppsala University Publications, 2017.
SCHMALENSEE, Richard; STAVINS, Robert N. Lessons learned from three decades of experience with cap and trade. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, v. 11, p. 59-79, 2017.
SEDDON, Nathalie et al. Nature-based solutions in nationally determined contributions: synthesis and recommendations for enhancing climate ambition and action by 2020. Gland, Switzerland: University of Oxford, 2019.
TERRER, C. et al. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature, v. 591, p. 599-603, 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019. Washington. 2019.
THE WORLD BANK. Pricing Carbon. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/pricing-carbon. Acesso em: 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. The World Bank. Disponível em: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/. Acesso em: 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. The World Bank Data. Disponível em: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT. Acesso em: 2021.
TVINNEREIM, Endre. The bears are right: Why cap-and-trade yields greater emission reductions than expected, and what that means for climate policy. Climatic Change, v. 3, p. 447-461, 2014.
TVINNEREIM, Endre; MEHLING, Michael. Carbon pricing and deep decarbonisation. Energy Policy, v. 121, p. 185-189, 2018.
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UNFCCC. UNFCC, 1997. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf. Acesso em: 2021.
UNFCCC. Emissions Trading. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/emissions-trading.
UNFCCC. UNFCCC. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms-under-the-kyoto-protocol/the-clean-development-mechanism. Acesso em: 2021.
UNFCCC. UNFCCC. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/joint-implementation. Acesso em: 2021.
VIOLA, Eduardo; BASSO, Larissa. O sistema internacional no antropoceno. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 31, p. 92, 2016.
ZELLI, Fariborz. The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, v. 2, p. 255-270, 2011.
ANDERSSON, Julius. Cars, carbon taxes and CO2 emissions. London. 2015.
AYDIN, Celil; ESEN, Ömer. Reducing CO2 emissions in the EU member states: Do environmental taxes work? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 61, p. 2396-2420, 2018.
BACCINI, A. et al. Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. Science, v. 358, p. 230-234, 2017.
BALL, Jeffrey. Hot Air Won't Fly: The New Climate Consensus That Carbon Pricing Isn't Cutting It. Joule, v. 2, p. 2491-2494, 2018.
BARANZINI, Andrea et al. Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, p. 462, 2017.
BERTRAM, Christoph et al. Complementing carbon prices with technology policies to keep climate targets within reach. Nature Climate Change volume, p. 235–239, 2015.
BIERMANN, Frank. The Anthropocene: A governance perspective. The Anthropocene Review, p. 57-61, 2014.
BIERMANN, Frank; PATTBERG, Philipp. Global environmental governance revisited. In: BIERMANN, Frank; PATTBERG, Philipp Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered. London: [s.n.], 2012. p. 1-24.
BRUVOLL, Annegrete; LARSEN, Merethe. Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway: do carbon taxes work? Energy Policy, v. 32, p. 493-505, 2004.
BURKE, Anthony et al. Planet Politics: A Manifesto from the End of IR. Millennium, v. 44, p. 499-523, 2016.
CALEL, Raphael; DECHEZLEPRÊTRE, Antoine. Environmental policy and directed technological change: evidence from the European carbon market. Review of economics and statistics, v. 46, p. 173-191, 2016.
CHANDLER, David; CUDWORTH, Erika; HOBDEN, Stephen. Anthropocene, capitalocene and liberal cosmopolitan IR: A response to Burke et al.'s 'planet politics'. Millennium, v. 46, p. 190-208, 2018.
CHEIN, Flávia. Introdução aos modelos de regressão linear: Um passo inicial para compreensão da econometria como uma ferramenta de avaliação de políticas públicas. Brasília: Escola Nacional de Administração Pública ENAP, 2019.
CHEVALLIER, Julien. Carbon price drivers: an updated literature review. International Journal Of Applied Logistics, v. 4, p. 1-7, 2013.
CONG, Ren; LO, Alex. Emission trading and carbon market performance in Shenzhen, China. Applied Energy, v. 193, p. 414-425, 2017.
CONSELHO EMPRESARIAL BRASILEIRO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL (CEBEDS). Visão Geral dos Mercados de Carbono: Objetivos, Dinâmicas e Desempenho. São Paulo. 2020.
CORNELL, Bradford; SHAPIRO, Alan. Corporate stakeholders, corporate valuation and ESG. European Financial Management, v. 27, p. 196-207, 2021.
DELABRE, Izabela et al. Unearthing the myths of global sustainable forest governance. Global Sustainability, v. 3, p. 16, 2020.
ENGIN, Ben. Bloomberg, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/. Acesso em: 2021.
FAGAN, Matthew et al. How feasible are global forest restoration commitments? Conservation Letters, v. 13, p. 1-8, 2020.
FLEISCHMAN, Forrest et al. Pitfalls of Tree Planting Show Why We Need People-Centered Natural Climate Solutions. BioScience, v. 50, p. 947-950, 2020.
FRIEDMAN, Linda. A trillion trees: how one idea triumphed over Trump's climate denialism. New York Times, 2020.
GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT. Global Carbon Project, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/. Acesso em: 17 abril 2021.
GREEN, Jessica. Order out of chaos: public and private rules for managing carbon. Global Environmental Politics, v. 13, p. 1-25, 2013a.
GREEN, Jessica. Rethinking private authority: Agents and entrepreneurs in global environmental governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013b.
GREEN, Jessica. Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses. Environmental Research Letters, v. 16, p. 1-18, 2021.
HAYA, Barbara et al. Managing uncertainty in carbon offsets: insights from California’s standardized approach. Climate Policy, v. 20, p. 1112-1126, 2020.
HOLL, Karen; BRANCALION, Pedro. Tree planting is not a simple solution. Science, v. 368, p. 580-581, 2020.
HUBAU, Wannes et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature, v. 579, p. 80-87, 2020.
INOUE, Cristina. Global Climate Governance: a proposed analytical framework under construction. Carta Internacional, v. 11, p. 91-117, 2016.
KAISER, Lars. ESG integration: value, growth and momentum. Journal of Asset Management, v. 21, p. 32-51, 2020.
KARWOWSKI, Mariusz; RAULINAJTYS-GRZYBEK, Monika. The application of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions for mitigation of environmental, social, corporate governance (ESG) and reputational risk in integrated reports. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 2021.
KILL, Jutta; SCHALATEK, Liliane. Green Climate Fund and REDD+: Funding the Paradigm Shift or Another Lost Decade. Washington. 2019.
LOREOUTIER, Marion. Carbon Pricing and Power Sector Decarbonisation: Evidence from the UK. Policy Papers, p. 34, 2021.
MACMAHON, Simon. The challenge of rating ESG performance. Harvard Business Review, v. 98, p. 52-54, 2020.
MARTIN, Ralf; MUÛLS, Mirabelle; WAGNER, Ulrich. The impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on regulated firms: What is the evidence after ten years? Review of environmental economics and policy, v. 10, p. 129-148, 2016.
MCAFEE, Kathleen. Green economy and carbon markets for conservation and development: a critical view. International Environmental Agreements. Politics, Law and Economics, p. 333-353, 2016.
MEHLING, Michael; TVINNEREIM, Endre. Carbon pricing and the 1.5 C target: near-term decarbonisation and the importance of an instrument mix. Carbon & CLimate Law Review, v. 12, p. 50-61, 2018.
METCALF, Gilbert E. Isn't There a Better Way? (No, There Isn't). In: METCALF, Gilbert E. Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax Is Good for America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. p. 52-71.
MURÈ, Pina et al. ESG and reputation: The case of sanctioned Italian banks. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, v. 28, p. 265-277, 2021.
NARASSIMHAN, Easwaran et al. Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Climate Policy, p. 967-991, 2018.
PEREIRA, Joana C. The limitations of ir theory regarding the environment: lessons from the anthropocene. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 60, p. 1-18, 2017.
QI, Tianyu; WENG, Yuyan. Economic impacts of an international carbon market in achieving the INDC targets. Energy, v. 109, p. 886-893, 2016.
REYES, Oscar; GILBERTSON, Tamra. Carbon trading: How it works and why it fails. Soundings, v. 45, p. 89-100, 2010.
ROCKSTRÖM, Johan et al. Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecology and society, v. 14, p. 1-33, 2009.
ROSENAU, James N.; CZEMPIEL, Ernst O. Governança sem governo: ordem e transformação na política mundial. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2000.
ROSENBLOOM, Daniel et al. Opinion: Why carbon pricing is not sufficient to mitigate climate change—and how “sustainability transition policy” can help. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 16, p. 8664-8668, 2020.
SACHINTHA, Fernando. The Environmental Effectiveness of Carbon Taxes: A Comparative Case Study of the Nordic Experience. Uppsala: Uppsala University Publications, 2017.
SCHMALENSEE, Richard; STAVINS, Robert N. Lessons learned from three decades of experience with cap and trade. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, v. 11, p. 59-79, 2017.
SEDDON, Nathalie et al. Nature-based solutions in nationally determined contributions: synthesis and recommendations for enhancing climate ambition and action by 2020. Gland, Switzerland: University of Oxford, 2019.
TERRER, C. et al. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature, v. 591, p. 599-603, 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019. Washington. 2019.
THE WORLD BANK. Pricing Carbon. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/pricing-carbon. Acesso em: 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. The World Bank. Disponível em: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/. Acesso em: 2021.
THE WORLD BANK. The World Bank Data. Disponível em: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT. Acesso em: 2021.
TVINNEREIM, Endre. The bears are right: Why cap-and-trade yields greater emission reductions than expected, and what that means for climate policy. Climatic Change, v. 3, p. 447-461, 2014.
TVINNEREIM, Endre; MEHLING, Michael. Carbon pricing and deep decarbonisation. Energy Policy, v. 121, p. 185-189, 2018.
UNFCCC. UNFCCC, 1992. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/conveng.pdf. Acesso em: 2021.
UNFCCC. UNFCC, 1997. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf. Acesso em: 2021.
UNFCCC. Emissions Trading. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/emissions-trading.
UNFCCC. UNFCCC. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms-under-the-kyoto-protocol/the-clean-development-mechanism. Acesso em: 2021.
UNFCCC. UNFCCC. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/joint-implementation. Acesso em: 2021.
VIOLA, Eduardo; BASSO, Larissa. O sistema internacional no antropoceno. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 31, p. 92, 2016.
ZELLI, Fariborz. The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, v. 2, p. 255-270, 2011.
Publicado
2024-04-27
Como Citar
Lauria, L. B. de M. . (2024). Mercados de carbono têm reduzido as emissões agregadas de GEE? . Conjuntura Internacional, 19(3), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n3p31-37
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