Continuidades entre as políticas externas de Biden e Trump para Palestina/Israel
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p16-24Mots-clés :
Governo Biden, Palestina/Israel, Oriente MédioRésumé
Biden tem reduzido a importância de Palestina/Israel aos EUA. O governo manteve as políticas favoráveis aos israelenses promovidas por Trump que alteraram a geopolítica do Oriente Médio sob a pressão do lobby e do governo israelenses. As medidas aos palestinos têm contribuído para pacificar as suas reivindicações de libertação nacional.
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Références
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REUTERS. Oil slumps 6%, snaps seven week winning streak. Disponível em: <https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/oil-markets-demand-concerns-sanctions-on-iran.html>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
RUDAW. Biden requests $541 million for anti-ISIS mission in Iraq, Syria. Disponível em: <https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/29032022>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
SMARTENCYCLOPEDIA. ‘Nato of the Middle East’? Israel and four Arab nations lay the groundwork for a military allianceSmartencyclopedia, 30 mar. 2022. Disponível em: <https://smartencyclopedia.org/2022/03/30/nato-of-the-middle-east-israel-and-four-arab-nations-lay-the-groundwork-for-a-military-alliance/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022
USAID. Nita M. Lowey Middle East Partnership for Peace Act (MEPPA). Disponível em: <https://www.usaid.gov/west-bank-and-gaza/meppa>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
WEISS, P. Why Biden can’t condemn Israeli violence. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/05/why-biden-cant-condemn-israeli-violence/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022a.
WEISS, P. ‘Close friends’ Biden and Bennett leave progressive Americans out in the cold. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/08/close-friends-biden-and-bennett-leave-progressive-americans-out-in-the-cold/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022b.
WEISS, P. The Israel lobby’s crushing win on Iron Dome. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/09/the-israel-lobbys-crushing-win-on-iron-dome/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022c.
ZENGERLE, P. Biden administration approved $735 million arms sale to Israel. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/biden-administration-approved-735-million-arms-sale-israel-sources-2021-05-17/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
AGOSTINELLI, I. Israel avança na diplomacia e no apartheid de vacinas. Disponível em: <https://revistaforum.com.br/opiniao/2021/2/26/israel-avana-na-diplomacia-no-apartheid-de-vacinas-por-isabela-agostinelli-92484.html>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
ALJAZEERA. Israel holds largest-ever military drill with UAE participation. Disponível em: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/israel-holds-largest-ever-military-drill-with-uae-participation>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
ALJAZEERA. Israel signs first Arab free trade agreement with UAE. Disponível em: <https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/31/israel-signs-major-trade-deal-with-uae>. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2022.
ARRIA, M. The Biden administration is doubling down on its support for IHRA working definition of antisemitism. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/06/biden-administration-says-ihra-definition-of-antisemitism-is-gold-standard/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
ARRIA, M. Biden administration continues to pretend it’s looking over Israeli ‘evidence’. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2022/04/biden-administration-continues-to-pretend-its-looking-over-israeli-evidence/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
BAKER, P.; HUBBARD, B. Biden to Travel to Saudi Arabia, Ending Its ‘Pariah’ Status. The New York Times, 2 jun. 2022.
BEININ, J. The Us-Israeli alliance. Em: HADDAD, B.; SEIKALY, S.; BEININ, J. (Eds.). A Critical Political Economy of the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2021. p. 196–214.
ESTANISLAU, L. Venezuela confirma que EUA suspenderam sanções para negociar retomada de produção de petróleo. Disponível em: <https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/05/18/venezuela-confirma-que-eua-suspenderam-sancoes-para-negociar-retomada-de-producao-de-petroleo>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
FALK, T. Analysis: Why Joe Biden will not change Palestinian lives, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/17/why-biden-will-not-change-palestinian-lives-either>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
HADDAD, T. Palestine Ltd: Neoliberalism and Nationalism in the Occupied Territory. London: I.B.Tauris, 2016.
HARB, A. Shireen Abu Akleh: US still thinks Israel should lead probe. Disponível em: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/9/shireen-abu-akleh-us-still-thinks-israel-should-lead-probe>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
JADALIYYA. UNRWA Once Again in International Spotlight. Disponível em: <https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/42625>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
JANSEN, M. Biden restores $250m in aid to Palestine cut under Trump administration. Disponível em: <https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/biden-restores-250m-in-aid-to-palestine-cut-under-trump-administration-1.4532390>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
JEWISH ELECTORATE INSTITUTE. National Survey Of Jewish VotersJewish Electorate Institute, , 2021.
KHOURY, J. Senior Palestinian Officials: Biden Abandoned Us to Avoid Turmoil in Bennett’s Government. Haaretz, 6 fev. 2022.
MEARSHEIMER, J. J.; WALT, S. M. The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. 1st Edition Thus edition ed. London: Penguin, 2008.
PEW. Modest Warming in U.S. Views on Israel and PalestiniansPew Rearch Center, 2022.
PLITNICK, M. J Street trying to oust AIPAC as dominant pro-Israel force for Democrats. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2022/06/j-street-trying-to-oust-aipac-as-dominant-pro-israel-force-for-democrats/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
REUTERS. Oil slumps 6%, snaps seven week winning streak. Disponível em: <https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/oil-markets-demand-concerns-sanctions-on-iran.html>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
RUDAW. Biden requests $541 million for anti-ISIS mission in Iraq, Syria. Disponível em: <https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/29032022>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
SMARTENCYCLOPEDIA. ‘Nato of the Middle East’? Israel and four Arab nations lay the groundwork for a military allianceSmartencyclopedia, 30 mar. 2022. Disponível em: <https://smartencyclopedia.org/2022/03/30/nato-of-the-middle-east-israel-and-four-arab-nations-lay-the-groundwork-for-a-military-alliance/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022
USAID. Nita M. Lowey Middle East Partnership for Peace Act (MEPPA). Disponível em: <https://www.usaid.gov/west-bank-and-gaza/meppa>. Acesso em: 19 jun. 2022.
WEISS, P. Why Biden can’t condemn Israeli violence. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/05/why-biden-cant-condemn-israeli-violence/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022a.
WEISS, P. ‘Close friends’ Biden and Bennett leave progressive Americans out in the cold. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/08/close-friends-biden-and-bennett-leave-progressive-americans-out-in-the-cold/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022b.
WEISS, P. The Israel lobby’s crushing win on Iron Dome. Disponível em: <https://mondoweiss.net/2021/09/the-israel-lobbys-crushing-win-on-iron-dome/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022c.
ZENGERLE, P. Biden administration approved $735 million arms sale to Israel. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/biden-administration-approved-735-million-arms-sale-israel-sources-2021-05-17/>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2022.
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Publié-e
2023-10-22
Comment citer
Huberman, B., & Nasser, R. (2023). Continuidades entre as políticas externas de Biden e Trump para Palestina/Israel. Conjuntura Internacional, 19(2), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p16-24
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