De Trump a Biden:
a política externa dos EUA e a Ordem Liberal Internacional
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p42-54Mots-clés :
Política Externa dos EUA, Donald Trump, Joe Biden, Ordem Liberal Internacional, Transição HegemônicaRésumé
O unilateralismo agressivo de Donald Trump colocou em questionamento um dos principais motes sobre os quais, historicamente, se construiu a hegemonia norte-americana: a lógica de que uma ordem liberal era benéfica tanto aos demais países quanto principalmente aos interesses dos Estados Unidos. A vitória de Joe Biden veio então acompanhada da expectativa de um total reajuste na política externa estadunidense e retorno dos EUA como patrocinador desta ordem. A partir desta discussão, o presente artigo apresenta duas contribuições. Em primeiro lugar, apresentar a administração Trump como um ponto de inflexão neste processo. Diferentemente de governos anteriores, Donald Trump tensiona, em conjunto e ao mesmo tempo, as três principais dimensões da ordem liberal internacional, a saber: o liberalismo econômico, político e a intergovernabilidade liberal. Em segundo lugar, inserir a administração Biden no amplo debate sobre transição hegemônica e enfraquecimento da OLI com o objetivo de pontuar quais iniciativas de política externa foram adotadas até o presente momento para recuperar a importância de valores liberais e o status de liderança dos EUA.
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IKENBERRY, G. John. Reflections on After Victory. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, [s. l.], v. 21, n. 1, p. 5–19, 2019.
IKENBERRY, John. The Plot against American Foreign Policy: Can the Liberal Order Survive? Present at the Destruction. Foreign Affairs, [s. l.], v. 96, n. 3, p. 2–9, 2017.
JACKSON, Sam. Oath Keepers: Patriotism and the Edge of Violence in a Right-Wing Antigovernment Group. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.
KARKOUR, Haro L. Illiberal and irrational? Trump and the challenge of liberal modernity in US foreign policy:. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820954231, [s. l.], v. 35, n. 4, p. 533–550, 2020. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0047117820954231. Acesso at: 14 Nov. 2021.
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OWEN, John. How liberalism produces democratic peace. In: ELMAN, Colin; JENSEN, Michael (org.). Realism Reader. London: Routledge, 2014.
PETERSON, John. Present at the Destruction? The Liberal Order in the Trump Era. The International Spectator, [s. l.], v. 53, n. 1, p. 28–44, 2018.
POMPEO, Michael. Remarks by Secretary Pompeo at the German Marshall Fund. [S. l.], 2018. Disponível em: https://ua.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-secretary-pompeo-at-the-german-marshall-fund/. Acesso at: 29 Jun. 2022.
POSEN, Barry. The Rise of Illiberal Hegemony: Trump’s Surprising Grand Strategy. Foreign Affairs, [s. l.], v. 97, n. 2, p. 20–27, 2018.
POTY, Italo Barreto. Ordem Liberal Internacional e Grande Estratégia Americana (1991-2017): mudanças e continuidades. Conjuntura Austral, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 57, p. 23–37, 2021.
RESTAD, Hilde Eliassen. What makes America great? Donald Trump, national identity, and U.S. foreign policy. Global Affairs, [s. l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 21–36, 2020.
RUGGIE, John Gerard. American Exceptionalism, Exemptionalism, and Global Governance. In: AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. p. 304–338.
RUGGIE, John Gerard. International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order. International Organization, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 2, p. 379–415, 1982.
RUSSETT, Bruce et al. The Democratic Peace. International Security, [s. l.], v. 19, n. 4, p. 164–184, 1995.
SCHWELLER, Randall L.; PU, Xiaoyu. After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in an Era of U.S. Decline. International Security, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 1, p. 41–72, 2011.
SEVASTOPULO, Demetri; INAGAKI, Kana. Joe Biden launches trade agreement with 12 Asian nations. Financial Times, [s. l.], 23 May 2022. Disponível em: https://www.ft.com/content/e2634c2a-3709-4a31-a419-1e30af1fc607. Acesso at: 29 Jun. 2022.
SILVERSTONE, Scott. Preventive War and American Democracy. [S. l.]: Routledge, 2012.
SIMÃO, Licínia. As crises da ordem liberal. Relações Internacionais, [s. l.], n. 63, p. 39–51, 2019.
SOLLER, Diana. A síntese Biden Uma ordem liberal para um sistema em transição de poder. Relações Internacionais, [s. l.], n. 69, p. 1–29, 2021.
STEELE, Brent J. `Ideals that were really never in our possession’: Torture, Honor and US Identity. International Relations, [s. l.], v. 22, n. 2, p. 243–261, 2008.
STEELE, Brent J. Organizational processes and ontological (in)security: Torture, the CIA and the United States. Cooperation and Conflict, [s. l.], v. 52, n. 1, p. 69–89, 2017.
STEPHENS, Philip. Trump Presidency: America First or America Alone?. Financial Times, [s. l.], 16 Jan. 2017. Disponível em: http://macaudailytimes.com.mo/files/pdf2017/FT-2723-2017-01-16.pdf. Acesso at: 29 Jun. 2022.
STOKES, Doug. Trump, American hegemony and the future of the liberal international order. International Affairs, [s. l.], v. 94, n. 1, p. 133–150, 2018.
THE WHITE HOUSE. Interim National Security Strategic Guidance. [S. l.]: 3, 2021a.
THE WHITE HOUSE. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. [s. l.], p. 1–68, 2017.
THE WHITE HOUSE. National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism. [S. l.: s. n.], 2021b.
THOMAS-GREENFIELD, Linda. Senate Confirmation Hearing Opening Statement Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield. [S. l.: s. n.], 2021. Disponível em: https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/012721_Thomas-Greenfield_Testimony.pdf. Acesso at: 29 Jun. 2022.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Summit for Democracy. [S. l.], 2021.
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2024-02-28
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Motta, B. (2024). De Trump a Biden: : a política externa dos EUA e a Ordem Liberal Internacional. Conjuntura Internacional, 19(2), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p42-54
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