Gênero e Política Migratória nos Estados Unidos:
Aproximações e Consensos Político-Partidários
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p55-63Palavras-chave:
Política migratória, Gênero, Estados UnidosResumo
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a política migratória aplicada às mulheres nos Estados Unidos entre os anos de 2009 e 2022. Argumentamos, a partir da análise de documentos primários e secundários, que o tratamento dado a esta agenda evidencia um consenso político-partidário entre democratas e republicanos.
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Referências
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION COUNCIIL. Immigrant Women and Girls in the United States. Disponível em: <https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrant-women-and-girls-united-states>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
BENDICK, JR, M.; EGAN, M. L.; LOFHJELM, S. International Migration Papers. The documentation and evaluation of antidiscrimination training in the United States, Washington, D.C, [s.d].
BRETTELL, C. Gender and migration. John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
CHISHTI, M.; BOLTER, J. The “Trump Effect” on Legal Immigration Levels: More Perception than Reality? Disponível em: <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/trump-effect-immigration-reality>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2022.
CHISHTI, M.; PIERCE, S.; BOLTER, J. The Obama Record on Deportations: Deporter in Chief or Not? Disponível em: <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/obama-record deportations-deporter-chiefor- not>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2022.
CONTRERA, F.; MARIANO, K. L. P.; MENEZES, R. G. Threat Rhetoric and Securitization: us immigration policy in the Trump administration. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 37, 26 nov. 2021.
DONATO, K. M. et al. A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies 1. International Migration Review, v. 40, n. 1, p. 3–26, 2006.
DUTT, M. Obama, It’s Time to Protect Immigrant Women - Women’s eNews. Disponível em: <https://womensenews.org/2012/07/obama-its-time-protect-immigrant-women/>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
GRANADA, I. et al. La migración desde una perspectiva de género: Ideas operativas para su integración en proyectos de desarrollo | Publications. Disponível em: <https://publications.iadb.org /publications/spanish/document/La-migracion-desde-una perspectiva-de-genero-Ideas-operativas-para-suintegracion- en-proyectos-de-desarrollo.pdf>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION. 2022a. World Migration Report 2022. Disponível em: https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM), 2022b. The Impacts of COVID-19 on Migration and Migrants from a Gender Perspective. IOM, Geneva.
JONES, A. Comparative Perspectives Symposium: Gendered Migrations. Women in Culture and Society, vol. 33, no. 4, 2008.
KABA, A. J. United States Immigration Policies in the Trump Era. Sociology Mind, v. 9, n. 4, p. 316–349, 28 ago. 2019.
MCAULIFFE, M.; TRIANDAFYLLIDOU. A (Orgs) World Migration Report 2022. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Genebra, 2021.
MORELLI, C. Women’s Issues in the Obama Era: Expanding Equality and Social Opportunity Under the Obama Administration. Inquiries Journal, v. 7, n. 02, 2015.
NICHOLS, L.; TYYSKÄ, V. Immigrant women in Canada and the United States. in: BAUDER, H. SHIELDS, J (orgs) Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Integration. 2015.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13664. Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South Sudan. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/04/07/2014-07895/blocking-propertyof- certain-persons-with-respect-to-south-sudan. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13712. Federal Register: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents /2015/11/25/2015-30191/blocking-property-of-certain-persons-contributing-to-the-situation-in-burundi. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13769. Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/02/01/2017 02281/protectingthe- nation-from-foreign-terrorist-entry-into-the-united-states. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13988. Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01 /25/2021-01761/preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-the-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexualorientation>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 14013. Rebuilding and Enhancing Programs To Resettle Refugees and Planning for the Impact of Climate Change on Migration. Disponível em:
<https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/02/09/2021-02804/rebuilding-and-enhancingprograms- to-resettle-refugees-and-planning-for-the-impact-of-climate-change>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 9561. National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/05/2017-00041/national-slaveryand-human-trafficking-prevention-month-2017>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 9859. National Crime Victims’ Rights Week, 2019. Disponível em:
<https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/04/10/2019-07259/national-crime-victims-rightsweek-2019>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 10331. National Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/01/06/2022-00162/national-human-traffickingprevention- month-2022>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 10348. National Equal Pay Day, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/03/17/2022-05797/national-equal-pay-day 2022>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
ORDER 13623. Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Women and Girls Globally. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/08/16/2012-20259/preventing-andresponding- to-violence-against-women-and-girls-globally>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PESSAR, P. R. Engendering Migration Studies: The Case of New Immigrants in the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 42, n. 4, p. 577–600, 1 jan. 1999.
_________. Gender and Transnational Migration. The Center for for Migration and Development Working Paper Series, Princeton University, 2001.
_________. Migration and Development: Gender Matters. SSRC Migration & Development Conference Paper No. 16. Nova Ioque, 2008.
________; MAHLER, S. J. Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender in. The International Migration Review, v. 37, n. 3, p. 812–846, 2003.
SACCHETTI, M. Sessions: Victims of domestic abuse and gang violence generally won’t qualify for asylum. Washington Post, [2018]. Diponivel em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/immigration/sessions-signals-that-victims-of-domestic-abuse-and-gang-violence-generally-will-not-qualify-for-asylum/2018/06/11/45e54602-6d9e-11e8-bd50-b80389a4e569_story.html. Acesso em: 28. Jun. 2022.
SAKHI, S. Recent Immigration Policies Negatively Affect Women | Legal Momentum. Disponível em: <https://www.legalmomentum.org/blog/recent-immigration-policies-negatively-affect-women>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
SAKUMA, A. “Deporter in chief”: Obama leaves behind tainted legacy on immigration. Disponível em: <https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/president-obama-the-legacy/obama-leaves-behind-mixedlegacy- immigration-n703656>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
SIMMONS-DUFFIN, S. Transgender Health Protections Reversed By Trump Administration. NPR, 2020. Disponivel em: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/12/868073068/transgender-health-protections-reversed-by-trump-administration. Acesso em: 27. Jun. 2022.
STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE STATES. Immigrant Women. Disponível em: <https://statusofwomendata.org/immigrant-women/>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
SOLANAS, M. Gender equality in Trump’s America. Real Instituto Elcano, 2021.Disponível em: < https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ari32-2018-solanas-igualdad-genero-america-trump.pdf >. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2022.
THE BIDEN AGENDA FOR WOMEN. Disponível em: <https://joebiden.com/womens-agenda/>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
THOMAS, C.; SCAIA, M.; RUBENSTEIN, H. Sessions’ immigration decision on domestic violence threatens women’s lives. Global Rights for Women, [s.d.]. Disponível em: <https://globalrightsforwomen.org/staff-voices/session
ZHOU, M. Contemporary Female Immigration to the United States: A Demographic Profile. In: STRUM, Philippa; TARANTOLO, Danielle (Ogs.), Women immigrants in the United States. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002. p. 23-35.
BENDICK, JR, M.; EGAN, M. L.; LOFHJELM, S. International Migration Papers. The documentation and evaluation of antidiscrimination training in the United States, Washington, D.C, [s.d].
BRETTELL, C. Gender and migration. John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
CHISHTI, M.; BOLTER, J. The “Trump Effect” on Legal Immigration Levels: More Perception than Reality? Disponível em: <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/trump-effect-immigration-reality>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2022.
CHISHTI, M.; PIERCE, S.; BOLTER, J. The Obama Record on Deportations: Deporter in Chief or Not? Disponível em: <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/obama-record deportations-deporter-chiefor- not>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2022.
CONTRERA, F.; MARIANO, K. L. P.; MENEZES, R. G. Threat Rhetoric and Securitization: us immigration policy in the Trump administration. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 37, 26 nov. 2021.
DONATO, K. M. et al. A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies 1. International Migration Review, v. 40, n. 1, p. 3–26, 2006.
DUTT, M. Obama, It’s Time to Protect Immigrant Women - Women’s eNews. Disponível em: <https://womensenews.org/2012/07/obama-its-time-protect-immigrant-women/>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
GRANADA, I. et al. La migración desde una perspectiva de género: Ideas operativas para su integración en proyectos de desarrollo | Publications. Disponível em: <https://publications.iadb.org /publications/spanish/document/La-migracion-desde-una perspectiva-de-genero-Ideas-operativas-para-suintegracion- en-proyectos-de-desarrollo.pdf>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION. 2022a. World Migration Report 2022. Disponível em: https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM), 2022b. The Impacts of COVID-19 on Migration and Migrants from a Gender Perspective. IOM, Geneva.
JONES, A. Comparative Perspectives Symposium: Gendered Migrations. Women in Culture and Society, vol. 33, no. 4, 2008.
KABA, A. J. United States Immigration Policies in the Trump Era. Sociology Mind, v. 9, n. 4, p. 316–349, 28 ago. 2019.
MCAULIFFE, M.; TRIANDAFYLLIDOU. A (Orgs) World Migration Report 2022. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Genebra, 2021.
MORELLI, C. Women’s Issues in the Obama Era: Expanding Equality and Social Opportunity Under the Obama Administration. Inquiries Journal, v. 7, n. 02, 2015.
NICHOLS, L.; TYYSKÄ, V. Immigrant women in Canada and the United States. in: BAUDER, H. SHIELDS, J (orgs) Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Integration. 2015.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13664. Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South Sudan. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/04/07/2014-07895/blocking-propertyof- certain-persons-with-respect-to-south-sudan. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13712. Federal Register: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents /2015/11/25/2015-30191/blocking-property-of-certain-persons-contributing-to-the-situation-in-burundi. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13769. Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/02/01/2017 02281/protectingthe- nation-from-foreign-terrorist-entry-into-the-united-states. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13988. Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation. Disponível em: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01 /25/2021-01761/preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-the-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexualorientation>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 14013. Rebuilding and Enhancing Programs To Resettle Refugees and Planning for the Impact of Climate Change on Migration. Disponível em:
<https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/02/09/2021-02804/rebuilding-and-enhancingprograms- to-resettle-refugees-and-planning-for-the-impact-of-climate-change>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 9561. National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/05/2017-00041/national-slaveryand-human-trafficking-prevention-month-2017>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 9859. National Crime Victims’ Rights Week, 2019. Disponível em:
<https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/04/10/2019-07259/national-crime-victims-rightsweek-2019>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 10331. National Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/01/06/2022-00162/national-human-traffickingprevention- month-2022>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PROCLAMATION 10348. National Equal Pay Day, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/03/17/2022-05797/national-equal-pay-day 2022>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
ORDER 13623. Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Women and Girls Globally. Disponível em: <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/08/16/2012-20259/preventing-andresponding- to-violence-against-women-and-girls-globally>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
PESSAR, P. R. Engendering Migration Studies: The Case of New Immigrants in the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 42, n. 4, p. 577–600, 1 jan. 1999.
_________. Gender and Transnational Migration. The Center for for Migration and Development Working Paper Series, Princeton University, 2001.
_________. Migration and Development: Gender Matters. SSRC Migration & Development Conference Paper No. 16. Nova Ioque, 2008.
________; MAHLER, S. J. Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender in. The International Migration Review, v. 37, n. 3, p. 812–846, 2003.
SACCHETTI, M. Sessions: Victims of domestic abuse and gang violence generally won’t qualify for asylum. Washington Post, [2018]. Diponivel em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/immigration/sessions-signals-that-victims-of-domestic-abuse-and-gang-violence-generally-will-not-qualify-for-asylum/2018/06/11/45e54602-6d9e-11e8-bd50-b80389a4e569_story.html. Acesso em: 28. Jun. 2022.
SAKHI, S. Recent Immigration Policies Negatively Affect Women | Legal Momentum. Disponível em: <https://www.legalmomentum.org/blog/recent-immigration-policies-negatively-affect-women>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
SAKUMA, A. “Deporter in chief”: Obama leaves behind tainted legacy on immigration. Disponível em: <https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/president-obama-the-legacy/obama-leaves-behind-mixedlegacy- immigration-n703656>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
SIMMONS-DUFFIN, S. Transgender Health Protections Reversed By Trump Administration. NPR, 2020. Disponivel em: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/12/868073068/transgender-health-protections-reversed-by-trump-administration. Acesso em: 27. Jun. 2022.
STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE STATES. Immigrant Women. Disponível em: <https://statusofwomendata.org/immigrant-women/>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2022.
SOLANAS, M. Gender equality in Trump’s America. Real Instituto Elcano, 2021.Disponível em: < https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ari32-2018-solanas-igualdad-genero-america-trump.pdf >. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2022.
THE BIDEN AGENDA FOR WOMEN. Disponível em: <https://joebiden.com/womens-agenda/>. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2022.
THOMAS, C.; SCAIA, M.; RUBENSTEIN, H. Sessions’ immigration decision on domestic violence threatens women’s lives. Global Rights for Women, [s.d.]. Disponível em: <https://globalrightsforwomen.org/staff-voices/session
ZHOU, M. Contemporary Female Immigration to the United States: A Demographic Profile. In: STRUM, Philippa; TARANTOLO, Danielle (Ogs.), Women immigrants in the United States. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002. p. 23-35.
Publicado
2024-02-28
Como Citar
Prado, D. F. M., & Fontaniello, I. F. M. (2024). Gênero e Política Migratória nos Estados Unidos: : Aproximações e Consensos Político-Partidários. Conjuntura Internacional, 19(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1809-6182.2022v19n2p55-63
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