The End of the Ottoman Empire and the Evolution of the Middle East Security Complex
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2020v8n4p166-187Palavras-chave:
Oriente Médio, Escola Inglesa, Administração das Grandes `Potências, Complexo de Segurança RegionalResumo
Desde o fim do Império Otomano, o Oriente Médio passou por várias mudanças políticas abruptas e se tornou o palco de uma série de conflitos regionais e disputas entre as grandes potências que impactaram fortemente a forma como este complexo de segurança regional evoluiu. Usando o arcabouço teórico da Escola de Copenhague e da Escola Inglêsa, retraçamos como essas dinâmicas de segurança e insegurança estão em um processo ainda não terminado de constante evolução desde a queda do Império e como esses processos estão inseridos no contexto mais amplo e sistêmico da administração das grandes potências.
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Referências
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MATHER, Yassamine. The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Current Conflict in the Middle East. Critique, vol. 42, n. 3, p. (471-485), November, 2014.
MEARSHEIMER, John J. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
MOKHTARI, Fariborz. Countering Terrorism: Could Hezbollah and Hamas Show the Way?. Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 27, n. 3, p. (376-396), 2006.
OUTZEN, Richard. From Crisis to Cooperation Turkey’s Relations with Washington and NATO. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2012. Available in: <https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyNote12.pdf>. Accessed: 29 March, 2020.
PALABIYIK, Mustafa Serdar. The Emergence of the Idea of ‘International Law’ in the Ottoman Empire before the Treaty of Paris (1856). Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 50, n. 2, p. (233-251), March, 2014.
PIEPER, Moritz. ‘Rising Power’ Status and the Evolution of International Order: Conceptualising Russia’s Syria Policies. Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 71, n. 3, p.(365-387), March, 2019. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1575950>. Accessed: November 5, 2020.
PINTO, Maria do Céu de Pinho Ferreira. Mapping the Obama administration's response to the Arab Spring. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, vol. 55, n. 2, p. (109 – 130), July/December, 2012.
ROGAN, Eugene L. SHLAIM, Avi. The War for Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
ROGERS, Paul. Lost cause: consequences and implications of the war on terror. Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 6, n. 1, p. (13-28), April, 2013.
ROMERO, Juan. Arab Nationalism and the Arab Union of 1958. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 42, n. 2, p. (179-199), January, 2015.
Sandholtz, W., & Stiles, K. (2008). International Norms and Cycles of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.
SCHMID, Alez P. Root Causes of Terrorism: Some Conceptual Notes, a Set of Indicators, and a Model. Democracy and Security. London, v. 1, n. 2, p. (127-136), August, 2005.
SHLAIM, Avi. Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948. In: ROGAN, Eugene L. SHLAIM, Avi. The War for Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. (79) – (100).
SINGH, Rashmi. Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-Causual and Multi-Level Approaches.
London: Routledge, 2011.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 662.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 674
United Nations Security Council Resolution 687.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 692.
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. 2020. Available in: <https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/>. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
WELSH, Jennifer M. Empire and Fragmentation in DUNNE, Tim; REUS-SMIT, Christian. The Globalization of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
WHITE HOUSE. Peace to Prosperity: A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People. White House. 2020. Available in: <https://www.whitehouse.gov/peacetoprosperity/>. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
ZÜRCHER, Erik Jan. Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Middle Eastern Studies, Leinden, vol. 55, n. 6, p. (897-913), April, 2019.
ARRAF, Sarif. The Armed Conflict in Yemen: A Complicated Mosaic. The War Report. 2017. Geneva Academy. Available in: <https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/The%20Armed%20Conflict%20in%20Yemen.pdf >. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
BAKKER, Edwin. BOER, Leen. The evolution of Al-Qaedaism: Ideology, terrorists, and appeal. Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2007.
BARACSKAY, Daniel. The Evolutionary Path of Hamas: Examining the Role of Political Pragmatism in State Building and Activism. Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 27, n. 3, p. (520-536), 2015.
BUZAN, Barry. Culture and international society. International Affairs, vol. 86, n. 1, p. (1-26), 2010.
Buzan, B.. From International to World Society?: English School Theory and he Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Buzan, B., & Wæver, O.. Macrosecuritisation and Security Constellations: Reconsidering Scale in Securitization Theory. Review of International Studies, 35, 253- 276, 2009.
BUZAN, Barry. WEAVER, Ole. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
BUZAN, Barry. WEAVER, Ole. WILDE Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1997.
CATHERWOOD, Christopher. A Brief History of Middle East. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2006.
CERIOLI, Luíza Gimenez. Roles and International Behaviour: Saudi–Iranian Rivalry in Bahrain’s and Yemen’s Arab Spring. Contexto Internacional, vol. 40, n. 2, p. (295-317), 2018.
CHARAP, Samuel; DRENNAN, John; NOËL, Pierre. Russia and China: A New Model of Great-Power Relations. Survival, vol. 59, n. 1, p. (25-42), January, 2017. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2017.1282670>. Accessed: November 5, 2020.
CHINA. China’s National Defense in the New Era. The State Council of People’s Republic of China. 2019.
CLEVELAND, William L. BUNTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East. Philadelphia: Westview Press, 2009.
DANFORTH, Nick. The Mosque, the Dam, and Erdogan’s Widening Culture War: The Linked Fates of Two Cultural Heritage Sites in Turkey. Foreign Affairs. 2020. Available at: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2020-07-31/mosque-dam-and-erdogans-widening-culture-war>. Accessed: November 4, 2020.
DEVORE, Marc R. STÄHLI, Armin B. Explaining Hezbollah's Effectiveness: Internal and External Determinants of the Rise of Violent Non-State Actors. Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 27, n. 2, p. (331-357), 2015.
EWERS, Elisa Catalano. Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Sub-Committee on the Middle East, North Africa, and International Terrorism: Hearing on Assessing U.S. Policy Priorities in the Middle East. Center for a New American Security. 2019. Available at: <https://www.cnas.org/publications/congressional-testimony/assessing-u-s-policy-priorities-in-the-middle-east>. Accessed: November 4, 2020.
FAHY, John. International Relations and Faith-based Diplomacy: The Case of Qatar. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, vol. 16, n.3, p. (76-88), September, 2018.
GORDON, David F; TONG, Haoyu; ANDERSON, Tabatha. Beyond the Myths – Towards a Realistic Assessment of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The Development-Finance Dimension. International Institute of Strategic Studies.
HALLIDAY, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
IISS. Iran’s Networks of Influence in the Middle East. International Institute of Strategic Studies. 2019. Available in: <https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/iran-dossier/iran-19-03-ch-1-tehrans-strategic-intent>. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
IISS. Qatar and its neighbours. Strategic Comments, vol. 25, n. 2, April, 2019. Available at: <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13567888.2019.1601445?needAccess=true>. Accessed: November 4 , 2020.
KAMRAVA, Mehran. The Modern Middle East A Political History since the First World War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
KHALID, Rashid. The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure. In: ROGAN, Eugene L. SHLAIM, Avi. The War for Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. (12) – (36).
KHLEBNIKOV, Alexey. Iran, Russia, and the impact of US sanctions. Middle East Institute. 2019. Available at: <https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-russia-and-impact-us-sanctions>. Accessed: November 5, 2020.
LASMAR, Jorge M. Managing great powers in the post-Cold War world: old rules new game? The case of the global war on terror, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 28:3, 2015.
LIKA, Idlir. The Quest for Security: Soviet Union’s Demands from Turkey, 1945 – 1946. 2015. 101 f. Dissertação (MESTRADO) – Department of International Relations, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara, 2015. Available in: <http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0006948.pdf>. Accessed: 29 March, 2019.
LIN, Zhimin. Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy’: The Impacts of China’s Growing Capacity. Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 28, n. 115, p.(31-46). Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1497909>. Accessed: November 5, 2020.
MAHENDRARAJAH, Shivan. Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism, and the Taliban of Afghanistan: ‘Puritanical reform’ as a ‘revolutionary war’ program. Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 26, n. 3, p. (383-407), March, 2015.
MASCITELLI, Bruno. Erdogan’s Turkey: The Authoritarian Alternative to Populism. Australian Institute of International Affairs. 2019. Available at: <https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/turkey-erdogan-authoritarian/>. Accessed: November 4, 2020.
MASSOULIÉ, François. Os Conflitos do Oriente Médio. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 1996.
MATHER, Yassamine. The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Current Conflict in the Middle East. Critique, vol. 42, n. 3, p. (471-485), November, 2014.
MEARSHEIMER, John J. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
MOKHTARI, Fariborz. Countering Terrorism: Could Hezbollah and Hamas Show the Way?. Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 27, n. 3, p. (376-396), 2006.
OUTZEN, Richard. From Crisis to Cooperation Turkey’s Relations with Washington and NATO. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2012. Available in: <https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyNote12.pdf>. Accessed: 29 March, 2020.
PALABIYIK, Mustafa Serdar. The Emergence of the Idea of ‘International Law’ in the Ottoman Empire before the Treaty of Paris (1856). Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 50, n. 2, p. (233-251), March, 2014.
PIEPER, Moritz. ‘Rising Power’ Status and the Evolution of International Order: Conceptualising Russia’s Syria Policies. Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 71, n. 3, p.(365-387), March, 2019. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1575950>. Accessed: November 5, 2020.
PINTO, Maria do Céu de Pinho Ferreira. Mapping the Obama administration's response to the Arab Spring. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, vol. 55, n. 2, p. (109 – 130), July/December, 2012.
ROGAN, Eugene L. SHLAIM, Avi. The War for Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
ROGERS, Paul. Lost cause: consequences and implications of the war on terror. Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 6, n. 1, p. (13-28), April, 2013.
ROMERO, Juan. Arab Nationalism and the Arab Union of 1958. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 42, n. 2, p. (179-199), January, 2015.
Sandholtz, W., & Stiles, K. (2008). International Norms and Cycles of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.
SCHMID, Alez P. Root Causes of Terrorism: Some Conceptual Notes, a Set of Indicators, and a Model. Democracy and Security. London, v. 1, n. 2, p. (127-136), August, 2005.
SHLAIM, Avi. Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948. In: ROGAN, Eugene L. SHLAIM, Avi. The War for Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. (79) – (100).
SINGH, Rashmi. Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-Causual and Multi-Level Approaches.
London: Routledge, 2011.
TZEPRIN, Atina. JOZIC, Jugoslav. LAMBARÉ, Henry. The Middle East Cold War: Iran-Saudi Arabia and the Way Ahead. Croatian Political Science Review, vol. 52, n. 4, p. (187-202). July, 2015.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 662.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 674
United Nations Security Council Resolution 687.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 692.
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. 2020. Available in: <https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/>. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
WELSH, Jennifer M. Empire and Fragmentation in DUNNE, Tim; REUS-SMIT, Christian. The Globalization of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
WHITE HOUSE. Peace to Prosperity: A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People. White House. 2020. Available in: <https://www.whitehouse.gov/peacetoprosperity/>. Accessed: March 30, 2020.
ZÜRCHER, Erik Jan. Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Middle Eastern Studies, Leinden, vol. 55, n. 6, p. (897-913), April, 2019.
Publicado
2021-02-18
Como Citar
Lasmar, J. M., & Santa Rita, L. C. A. . (2021). The End of the Ottoman Empire and the Evolution of the Middle East Security Complex. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 8(4), 166–187. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2020v8n4p166-187
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Dossiê Império Otomano
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