Prostitutas, Mercenários e Feminismo
O Público e o Privado nas Relações Internacionais
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n3p72-88Palavras-chave:
Prostitutas, Mercenários, Feminismo, Público e privado, Empresas Militares Privadas, Relações InternacionaisResumo
Abordagens feministas têm se tornado cada vez mais presentes nos estudos de Relações Internacionais. Utilizando essas perspectivas teóricas, o presente artigo analisa as bases sobre as quais se sustenta o preconceito em relação às prostitutas e funcionários de Empresas Militares Privadas (MPSCs). A premissa é que as construções sociais localizam idealmente o papel das mulheres na esfera privada, enquanto os espaços públicos são reservados aos soldados militares regulares. Nosso argumento é que tanto a prostituta, ao se posicionar no ambiente público, quanto os funcionários de Empresas Militares Privadas, na esfera privada, desestabilizam as idealidades esperadas para suas categorias, gerando desconfiança, repulsa e incerteza.
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Referências
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BARRY, K. L. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: NYU Press, 1984.
BOURDIEU, P. Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
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CAPRIOLI, M; BOYER, M. Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 45, n. 4, pp. 503-18, 2001.
CHAPKIS, W. Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labour. London: Cassell, 1997.
CHESTERMAN, S; LEHARDT, C (eds.). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
DELACOSTE, F; ALEXANDER, P. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. London: Women’s Press, 1998.
EICHLER, M. (ed.). Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
ELSHTAIN, J. B. Women and War. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
ENLOE, C. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edition. Berkeley: California University Press, 2014.
FRASER, N; NICHOLSON, L. J. Social Criticism Without Philosophy: An Encounter Between Feminism and Postmodernism. In: NICHOLSON, L. J. (eds). Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1990.
GORMAN-MURRAY, A. Masculinity and the Home: A Critical Review and Conceptual
Framework. Australian Geographer, v. 39, n. 3, pp. 367-79, 2008.
HOOPER, C. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
HUTCHINGS, K. International Political Theory. London: SAGE, 1999.
JAGGAR, A. M. Feminist politics and human nature. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983.
JEFFREYS, S. The Idea of Prostitution. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1997.
JESSON, J. Understanding Adolescent Female Prostitution: A Literature Review. The British Journal of Sexual Work, v. 23, n. 5, pp. 517-30, 1993.
KESLER, K. Is a Feminist Stance in Support of Prostitution Possible? An Exploration of Current Trends. Sexualities, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 219-35, 2002.
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O’NEILL, M. Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a Politics of Feeling. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
PATEMAN, C. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
PERCY, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
PETERSON, V. S.; RUNYAN, A. S. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium, 3rd edition. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010.
PHETERSON, G. (ed.) A Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle: Seal Press, 1989.
PRÜGL, E. The Global Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
REZEANU, C. I. The Relationship Between Domestic Space and Gender Identity: Some Signs of Emergence of Alternative Domestic Femininity and Masculinity. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 9-29, 2015.
SCOULAR, J. The Subject of Prostitution: Interpreting the Discursive, Symbolic, and Material Position of Sex/Work in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, v. 5, n. 3, pp. 343-55, 2004.
SHEPHERD, L. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters. In: SHEPHERD, L. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A feminist introduction to International Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 3-16, 2010.
SILTANEN, J; STANWORTH, M. The Politics of Private Woman and Public Man. Theory and Society, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 91-118, 1984.
SINGER, P. W. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
SJOBERG, L; TICKNER, J. A. Feminist Perspectives on International Relations. In: Carlsnaes, W. et al. Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE, pp. 170-94, 2013a.
SJOBERG, L.; Tickner, J. A. Feminism. In: DUNNE, Tim. (ed.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205-22, 2013b.
STACHOWITSCH, S. Military Privatization as a Gendered Process: A Case for Integrating Feminist International Relations and Feminist State Theories. In: EICHLER, M. (ed.) Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: Issues, Debates and Future Directions. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
SYLVESTER, C. The Contributions of Feminist Theory to International Relations. In: SMITH, Steve. et al. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
SYLVESTER, C. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
THOMSON, J. E. Mercenaries, Pirates, & Sovereigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
TICKNER, J. A. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
TRUE, J. Feminism. In: BURCHILL, Scott. (ed.) Theories of International Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 213-34, 2005.
UESSELER, R. Guerra como prestação de serviços: a destruição das democracias pelas empresas militares privadas. São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, 2008.
WEST, J.; AUSTRIN, T. Markets and Politics: Public and Private Relations in the Case of Prostitution. The Sociological Review v. 53, pp. 136-48, 2005.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-governmental Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism. In: REUS-SMITH, Christian; SNIDAL, Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 391-407, 2008.
ZALEWSKI, M. Feminism after Postmodernism: Theorizing Through Practice. London: Routledge, 2000.
AUGUSTÍN, L. M. New Research Directions: the cultural study of commercial sex. Sexualities, v. 8, n. 5, pp. 618-31, 2005.
AVANT, D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
BARRY, K. L. The Prostitution of Sexuality. New York: NYU Press, 1996.
BARRY, K. L. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: NYU Press, 1984.
BOURDIEU, P. Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
BRYSON, V. Gender and the Politics of Time: Feminist Theory and Contemporary
Debates. Briston: Policy Press, 2007.
CAPRIOLI, M; BOYER, M. Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 45, n. 4, pp. 503-18, 2001.
CHAPKIS, W. Live Sex Acts: Women Performing Erotic Labour. London: Cassell, 1997.
CHESTERMAN, S; LEHARDT, C (eds.). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
DELACOSTE, F; ALEXANDER, P. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. London: Women’s Press, 1998.
EICHLER, M. (ed.). Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
ELSHTAIN, J. B. Women and War. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
ENLOE, C. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edition. Berkeley: California University Press, 2014.
FRASER, N; NICHOLSON, L. J. Social Criticism Without Philosophy: An Encounter Between Feminism and Postmodernism. In: NICHOLSON, L. J. (eds). Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1990.
GORMAN-MURRAY, A. Masculinity and the Home: A Critical Review and Conceptual
Framework. Australian Geographer, v. 39, n. 3, pp. 367-79, 2008.
HOOPER, C. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
HUTCHINGS, K. International Political Theory. London: SAGE, 1999.
JAGGAR, A. M. Feminist politics and human nature. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983.
JEFFREYS, S. The Idea of Prostitution. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1997.
JESSON, J. Understanding Adolescent Female Prostitution: A Literature Review. The British Journal of Sexual Work, v. 23, n. 5, pp. 517-30, 1993.
KESLER, K. Is a Feminist Stance in Support of Prostitution Possible? An Exploration of Current Trends. Sexualities, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 219-35, 2002.
LANNING, M. Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, from Ancient Greece to Today´s Private Military Companies. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005.
LAPID, Y. The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era. International Studies Quarterly, v. 33, n. 3, pp. 235-54, 1989.
LÖFGREN, O. The Sweetness of Home. In: LÖW, S. M.; LAWRENCE-ZÚÑIGA, D. (eds.) The Anthropology of Space and Place, Locating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 142-60, 2003.
MCGLEN, N.; SARKEES, M. R. Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. New York: Routledge, 1993.
MOHANTY, C. T; RUSSO, A; TORRES, L. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
NAGLE, J. (ed). Whores and Other Feminists. New York and London: Routledge, 1997.
OSTENSEN, A. G. Outsorcing Peace? The United Nations’ Use of Private Security and Military Companies. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag, 2009.
OUTSHOORN, J. Introduction: prostitution, women’s movements and democratic politics. In: OUTSHOORN, J. (ed). The Politics of Prostitution: Women’s Movements, Democratic States, and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1-20, 2004.
OVERALL, C. What’s Wrong with Prostitution? Evaluating Sex Work. Signs, v. 17, n. 4, pp. 705-24, 1992.
O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. The Rights and Wrongs of Prostitution. Hypatia, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 84-98, 2002.
O’CONNELL DAVIDSON, J. Prostitution, Power, and Freedom. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
O’NEILL, M. Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a Politics of Feeling. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
PATEMAN, C. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
PERCY, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
PETERSON, V. S.; RUNYAN, A. S. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium, 3rd edition. Boulder: Westview Press, 2010.
PHETERSON, G. (ed.) A Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle: Seal Press, 1989.
PRÜGL, E. The Global Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
REZEANU, C. I. The Relationship Between Domestic Space and Gender Identity: Some Signs of Emergence of Alternative Domestic Femininity and Masculinity. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 9-29, 2015.
SCOULAR, J. The Subject of Prostitution: Interpreting the Discursive, Symbolic, and Material Position of Sex/Work in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, v. 5, n. 3, pp. 343-55, 2004.
SHEPHERD, L. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters. In: SHEPHERD, L. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A feminist introduction to International Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 3-16, 2010.
SILTANEN, J; STANWORTH, M. The Politics of Private Woman and Public Man. Theory and Society, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 91-118, 1984.
SINGER, P. W. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
SJOBERG, L; TICKNER, J. A. Feminist Perspectives on International Relations. In: Carlsnaes, W. et al. Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE, pp. 170-94, 2013a.
SJOBERG, L.; Tickner, J. A. Feminism. In: DUNNE, Tim. (ed.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205-22, 2013b.
STACHOWITSCH, S. Military Privatization as a Gendered Process: A Case for Integrating Feminist International Relations and Feminist State Theories. In: EICHLER, M. (ed.) Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
STEANS, J. Gender and International Relations: Issues, Debates and Future Directions. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
SYLVESTER, C. The Contributions of Feminist Theory to International Relations. In: SMITH, Steve. et al. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
SYLVESTER, C. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
THOMSON, J. E. Mercenaries, Pirates, & Sovereigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
TICKNER, J. A. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
TRUE, J. Feminism. In: BURCHILL, Scott. (ed.) Theories of International Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 213-34, 2005.
UESSELER, R. Guerra como prestação de serviços: a destruição das democracias pelas empresas militares privadas. São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, 2008.
WEST, J.; AUSTRIN, T. Markets and Politics: Public and Private Relations in the Case of Prostitution. The Sociological Review v. 53, pp. 136-48, 2005.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-governmental Institutions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994.
WHITWORTH, S. Feminism. In: REUS-SMITH, Christian; SNIDAL, Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 391-407, 2008.
ZALEWSKI, M. Feminism after Postmodernism: Theorizing Through Practice. London: Routledge, 2000.
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2024-08-20
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Santos, W. M. dos, & Mendes, C. (2024). Prostitutas, Mercenários e Feminismo: O Público e o Privado nas Relações Internacionais. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 11(3), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n3p72-88
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