A construção institucional na China e sua dimensão consultiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n2p38-52Palavras-chave:
China, Instituições, Democracia consultivaResumo
O presente artigo aborda as transformações político-institucionais pelo qual vem passando a China. O objetivo é compreender como tem se sofisticado os mecanismos consultivos-deliberativos. Argumentamos que tais reformas políticas na China, tais como as econômicas, têm combinado experimentalismo e gradualismo, com a absorção de aprendizados internacionais, mas sem replicar variações do modelo liberal-ocidental. Para tanto, metodologicamente, a partir da revisão da literatura, pode-se concluir que a proliferação de consultas públicas no sistema político chinês tem fortalecido a legitimidade e a eficácia das políticas públicas.
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Referências
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CHAI, Hongxia; SONG, Xiongwei. The adaptive state – understanding political reform in China. Policy Studies, [S.L.], v. 34, n. 1, p. 73-88, jan. 2013.
CHAI, Winberg. China’s 2005 White Paper: Building of Political Democracy in China.Asian Affairs, vol. 33, no. 1, 2006, pp. 3–36, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30172636. Accessed 3 May,
2022.
CUNNINGHAM, Frank. Teorias da democracia. São Paulo: Artmed, 2009.
DAMIN, Cláudio. Poder de Guerra nos Estados Unidos: a Cláusula de Guerra, o precedente coreano de 1950 e a autonomia do Comandante-em-Chefe. 2013. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2013.
DUMBAUGH, Kerry MARTIN, F. Michael. UnderstandingChina’sPolitical System. Congressional Research Service, 2010.
DUAN, Ying; ZHANG, Ying; WANG, Yi-Luo. Knowledge Mapping of Grassroots Consultative Democracy Research in China (2004-2020) – Bibliometric Analysis Based on CNKI Database. Public Administration Research, [S.L.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 58, 8 abr. 2021.
ESPING-ANDERSEN, G. As Três Economias do Welfare State. Lua Nova, n. 24, setembro de 1991.
FERNANDES, Luís.O Enigma do Socialismo Real. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 2000.
FISHKIN, J. Deliberative Democracy Decision Beyond Polity. In: Fuguo H. Handbook of Multiple Deliberative Democracy in Policy-making: Practicing Deliberative Democracy in China. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2017.
FRANK, A.ndré. Reorient: Global economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
GILENS, Martin; PAGE, Benjamin I.. Testing Theories of American Politics: elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 564-581, set. 2014.
HE, Baogang; WARREN, Mark E.. Authoritarian Deliberation: the deliberative turn in chinese political development. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 269-289, jun. 2011.
HUHE, Narisong; TANG, Min. Institutionalizing from the Middle: the impacts of provincial legislation on rural grassroots democracy in china. Studies In Comparative International Development, [S.L.], v. 52, n. 3, p. 372-393, 16 jul. 2017.
ISAKHAN, Benjamin; STOCKWELL, Stephen. The Secret History of Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmilla, 2011.
JINPING, X. A governança da China. Beijing: Editora de Língua Estrangeiras, 2014.
LIJPHART, Arend. Modelos de democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2003.
DIAMOND, Larry. The Rule of Law as Transition to Democracy in China. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 35, p. 319-331, maio, 2003.
LOSURDO, Domenico. Fuga da História? São Paulo: Revan, 2004a.
_________. Democracia e bonapartismo. São Paulo: UNESP, 2004b.
_________. Contra-história do Liberalismo. Aparecida-SP; Ideias & Letras, 2006.
_________. A questão comunista. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2022.
LI, Eric. The CCP’s Greatest Strength Is “Self-Reinvention”. Foreign Policy. Julho, 2021. Disponível em: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/02/ccp-reinvention-anniversary-youth-popularity/
MAHBUBANI, Kishore. A China Venceu?: O desafio chinês à supremacia. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2021
MARÉCHAL, Jean-Paul. Benoît Vermander, Chine brune ou Chine verte? Les dilemmes de l’État-Parti. China Perspectives, [S.L.], v. 2008, n. 4, p. 109-111, 1 dez. 2008
MASCARO, Alysson. Estado e forma política. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.
MEDEIROS, Carlos. Desenvolvimentismo com características chinesas. MAJEROWICS, E; PARANÁ, E. A China no capitalismo contemporâneo. São Paulo, 2022, pp. 31-98.
MORAES, João. Contra a canonização da democracia. Crítica Marxista. São Paulo, Boitempo, v.1, n. 12, 2001, p. 9-40.
NAISBITT, John; NAISBITT, Doris. China’sMegatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society. New York, NY: HarperCollins Books, 2010.
NGEOW, Chow Bing. Discourses on Chinese-Style Democracy in China. China: An International Journal, vol. 12 no. 3, pp. 94-114, 2014.
NOVE, A. A economia do socialismo possível. São Paulo: Ática, 1989.
PAUTASSO, Diego; FERNANDES, Marcelo; DORIA, Gaio. Marxism and the National Question: domenico losurdo⠹s contribution to the dialectics of the national and international. International Critical Thought, [S.L.], v. 9, n. 4, p. 581-598, 2 out. 2019.
PRZEWORSKI, A. Crises da Democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2019.
SKOCPOL, Theda; HERTEL-FERNANDEZ, Alexander. The Koch Network and Republican Party Extremism. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 14, n. 3, p. 681-699, 31 ago. 2016.
STEINER, H. Arthur. Constitutionalism in Communist China. American Political Science Review, [S.L.], v. 49, n. 1, p. 1-21, mar. 1955.
STONE, Richard. Fresh Momentum for China's Science Juggernaut. Science, [S.L.], v. 327, n. 5972, p. 1440-1441, 19 mar. 2010.
TAN, Sor-Hoon. Early Confucian Concept of Yi (议)and Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory, [S.L.], v. 42, n. 1, p. 82-105, 31 dez. 2013.
TEETS, Jessica C.. Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: the rise of consultative authoritarianism in china. The China Quarterly, [S.L.], v. 213, p. 19-38, 23 jan. 2013.
THØGERSEN, Stig. Politisk deltagelse under autoritær kontrol - ”Konsultativt demokrati” og overvåget offentlighed i Kina. Slagmark - Tidsskrift For Idéhistorie, [S.L.], n. 69, p. 107-122, 9 mar. 2018.
TRUEX, Rory. Consultative Authoritarianism and Its Limits. Comparative Political Studies, [S.L.], v. 50, n. 3, p. 329-361, 10 jul. 2016.
TSANG, Steve. Consultative Leninism: China's new political framework. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 18, n. 62, p. 865-880, 1 nov. 2009.
TSANG, Steve; CHEUNG, Olivia. Has Xi Jinping made China’s political system more resilient and enduring? Third World Quarterly, [S.L.], v. 43, n. 1, p. 225-243, 21 nov. 2021.
TONG, Dezhi; HE, Baogang. How democratic are Chinese grassroots deliberations? An empirical study of 393 deliberation experiments in China. Japanese Journal Of Political Science, [S.L.], v. 19, n. 4, p. 630-642, dez. 2018.
VELTMEYER, Henry. James Petras, Scholar and Revolutionary: an appreciation. Critical Sociology, [S.L.], v. 35, n. 6, p. 705-718, nov. 2009.
VISENTINI, P. Os paradoxos da Revolução Russa. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books, 2017.
YU, Jianxing. Introduction: local governance in china⠴past, present, and future. The Palgrave Handbook Of Local Governance In Contemporary China, [S.L.], p. 1-21, 2019.
WANG, R; GROOT, G. Who Represents? Xi Jinping’s Grand United Front Work, Legitimation, Participation and Consultative Democracy, Journal of Contemporary China, 27:112, 569-58, 2018.
WEBER, I. Como a China escapou da terapia do choque. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2023.
PAN, Wei. Toward a Consultative Rule of Law Regime in China. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 34, p. 3-43, fev. 2003.
WEINGAST, Barry R.. The Economic Role of Political Institutions: market-preserving federalism and economic development. The Journal Of Law, Economics, And Organization, [S.L.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-31, abr. 1995.
WOMACK, Brantly. Democracy and the governing party (执政党): a theoretical perspective. Journal Of Chinese Political Science, [S.L.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 23-42, abr. 2005.
YANG, Dali L.. China’s Long March to Freedom. Journal Of Democracy, [S.L.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 58-64, 2007.
YU, Bin. Bounded Articulation: an analysis of cppcc proposals, 2008-12. Journal Of Chinese Political Science, [S.L.], v. 20, n. 4, p. 425-449, 25 jul. 2015.
YU-SHEK, Joseph Cheng; LI, Fan. Local Governments’ Consultative Budgetary Reforms in China: a case study of wenling city. China: An International Journal, [S.L.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 115-138, 01 abr. 2015.
ZEMIN, J. Reforma e Construção da China. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2014.
ZHANG, Kaiping; HE, Baogang; WU, Jinjin. Double trouble? Effects of social conflict and foreign investment on consultative authoritarianism in China. Contemporary Politics, [S.L.], v. 27, n. 4, p. 371-396, 18 fev. 2021.
ZHANG, Xiaodan; YAN, Wenjia. Forty-Years of the Modernization of Chinese Socialist Legality: strategy, lacuna, and outlook. German Law Journal, [S.L.], v. 23, n. 5, p. 691-712, jun. 2022.
ZHENG, Yongnian. Explaining the Sources of de facto Federalism in Reform China: intergovernmental decentralization, globalization, and central⠳local relations. Japanese Journal Of Political Science, [S.L.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 101-126, 23 jun. 2006.
XIA, Guang. China as a “Civilization-State”: a historical and comparative interpretation. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, [S.L.], v. 140, p. 43-47, ago. 2014.
XIAOJUN, Yan. (2011). Regime inclusion and the resilience of authoritarianism: The local people's political consultative conference in post-mao Chinese politics. The China Journal. 66. 53-75, 2013.
XIAOPING, D. Selected works. vol II (1975-82). Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1995.
AZZARA, Stefano G.Adeus pós-modernismo: populismo e hegemonia na crise da democracia moderna. Insular, 2022.
BELL, D. The China model: political meritocracy and the limits of democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.
CABESTAN, Jean-Pierre. Is China Moving Towards “Enlightened” But Plutocratic Authoritarianism? China Perspectives, [S.L.], v. 2004, n. 5, p. 1-12, 1 out. 2004.
CHAI, Hongxia; SONG, Xiongwei. The adaptive state – understanding political reform in China. Policy Studies, [S.L.], v. 34, n. 1, p. 73-88, jan. 2013.
CHAI, Winberg. China’s 2005 White Paper: Building of Political Democracy in China.Asian Affairs, vol. 33, no. 1, 2006, pp. 3–36, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30172636. Accessed 3 May,
2022.
CUNNINGHAM, Frank. Teorias da democracia. São Paulo: Artmed, 2009.
DAMIN, Cláudio. Poder de Guerra nos Estados Unidos: a Cláusula de Guerra, o precedente coreano de 1950 e a autonomia do Comandante-em-Chefe. 2013. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2013.
DUMBAUGH, Kerry MARTIN, F. Michael. UnderstandingChina’sPolitical System. Congressional Research Service, 2010.
DUAN, Ying; ZHANG, Ying; WANG, Yi-Luo. Knowledge Mapping of Grassroots Consultative Democracy Research in China (2004-2020) – Bibliometric Analysis Based on CNKI Database. Public Administration Research, [S.L.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 58, 8 abr. 2021.
ESPING-ANDERSEN, G. As Três Economias do Welfare State. Lua Nova, n. 24, setembro de 1991.
FERNANDES, Luís.O Enigma do Socialismo Real. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 2000.
FISHKIN, J. Deliberative Democracy Decision Beyond Polity. In: Fuguo H. Handbook of Multiple Deliberative Democracy in Policy-making: Practicing Deliberative Democracy in China. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2017.
FRANK, A.ndré. Reorient: Global economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
GILENS, Martin; PAGE, Benjamin I.. Testing Theories of American Politics: elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 564-581, set. 2014.
HE, Baogang; WARREN, Mark E.. Authoritarian Deliberation: the deliberative turn in chinese political development. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 269-289, jun. 2011.
HUHE, Narisong; TANG, Min. Institutionalizing from the Middle: the impacts of provincial legislation on rural grassroots democracy in china. Studies In Comparative International Development, [S.L.], v. 52, n. 3, p. 372-393, 16 jul. 2017.
ISAKHAN, Benjamin; STOCKWELL, Stephen. The Secret History of Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmilla, 2011.
JINPING, X. A governança da China. Beijing: Editora de Língua Estrangeiras, 2014.
LIJPHART, Arend. Modelos de democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2003.
DIAMOND, Larry. The Rule of Law as Transition to Democracy in China. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 35, p. 319-331, maio, 2003.
LOSURDO, Domenico. Fuga da História? São Paulo: Revan, 2004a.
_________. Democracia e bonapartismo. São Paulo: UNESP, 2004b.
_________. Contra-história do Liberalismo. Aparecida-SP; Ideias & Letras, 2006.
_________. A questão comunista. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2022.
LI, Eric. The CCP’s Greatest Strength Is “Self-Reinvention”. Foreign Policy. Julho, 2021. Disponível em: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/02/ccp-reinvention-anniversary-youth-popularity/
MAHBUBANI, Kishore. A China Venceu?: O desafio chinês à supremacia. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2021
MARÉCHAL, Jean-Paul. Benoît Vermander, Chine brune ou Chine verte? Les dilemmes de l’État-Parti. China Perspectives, [S.L.], v. 2008, n. 4, p. 109-111, 1 dez. 2008
MASCARO, Alysson. Estado e forma política. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.
MEDEIROS, Carlos. Desenvolvimentismo com características chinesas. MAJEROWICS, E; PARANÁ, E. A China no capitalismo contemporâneo. São Paulo, 2022, pp. 31-98.
MORAES, João. Contra a canonização da democracia. Crítica Marxista. São Paulo, Boitempo, v.1, n. 12, 2001, p. 9-40.
NAISBITT, John; NAISBITT, Doris. China’sMegatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society. New York, NY: HarperCollins Books, 2010.
NGEOW, Chow Bing. Discourses on Chinese-Style Democracy in China. China: An International Journal, vol. 12 no. 3, pp. 94-114, 2014.
NOVE, A. A economia do socialismo possível. São Paulo: Ática, 1989.
PAUTASSO, Diego; FERNANDES, Marcelo; DORIA, Gaio. Marxism and the National Question: domenico losurdo⠹s contribution to the dialectics of the national and international. International Critical Thought, [S.L.], v. 9, n. 4, p. 581-598, 2 out. 2019.
PRZEWORSKI, A. Crises da Democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2019.
SKOCPOL, Theda; HERTEL-FERNANDEZ, Alexander. The Koch Network and Republican Party Extremism. Perspectives On Politics, [S.L.], v. 14, n. 3, p. 681-699, 31 ago. 2016.
STEINER, H. Arthur. Constitutionalism in Communist China. American Political Science Review, [S.L.], v. 49, n. 1, p. 1-21, mar. 1955.
STONE, Richard. Fresh Momentum for China's Science Juggernaut. Science, [S.L.], v. 327, n. 5972, p. 1440-1441, 19 mar. 2010.
TAN, Sor-Hoon. Early Confucian Concept of Yi (议)and Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory, [S.L.], v. 42, n. 1, p. 82-105, 31 dez. 2013.
TEETS, Jessica C.. Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: the rise of consultative authoritarianism in china. The China Quarterly, [S.L.], v. 213, p. 19-38, 23 jan. 2013.
THØGERSEN, Stig. Politisk deltagelse under autoritær kontrol - ”Konsultativt demokrati” og overvåget offentlighed i Kina. Slagmark - Tidsskrift For Idéhistorie, [S.L.], n. 69, p. 107-122, 9 mar. 2018.
TRUEX, Rory. Consultative Authoritarianism and Its Limits. Comparative Political Studies, [S.L.], v. 50, n. 3, p. 329-361, 10 jul. 2016.
TSANG, Steve. Consultative Leninism: China's new political framework. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 18, n. 62, p. 865-880, 1 nov. 2009.
TSANG, Steve; CHEUNG, Olivia. Has Xi Jinping made China’s political system more resilient and enduring? Third World Quarterly, [S.L.], v. 43, n. 1, p. 225-243, 21 nov. 2021.
TONG, Dezhi; HE, Baogang. How democratic are Chinese grassroots deliberations? An empirical study of 393 deliberation experiments in China. Japanese Journal Of Political Science, [S.L.], v. 19, n. 4, p. 630-642, dez. 2018.
VELTMEYER, Henry. James Petras, Scholar and Revolutionary: an appreciation. Critical Sociology, [S.L.], v. 35, n. 6, p. 705-718, nov. 2009.
VISENTINI, P. Os paradoxos da Revolução Russa. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books, 2017.
YU, Jianxing. Introduction: local governance in china⠴past, present, and future. The Palgrave Handbook Of Local Governance In Contemporary China, [S.L.], p. 1-21, 2019.
WANG, R; GROOT, G. Who Represents? Xi Jinping’s Grand United Front Work, Legitimation, Participation and Consultative Democracy, Journal of Contemporary China, 27:112, 569-58, 2018.
WEBER, I. Como a China escapou da terapia do choque. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2023.
PAN, Wei. Toward a Consultative Rule of Law Regime in China. Journal Of Contemporary China, [S.L.], v. 12, n. 34, p. 3-43, fev. 2003.
WEINGAST, Barry R.. The Economic Role of Political Institutions: market-preserving federalism and economic development. The Journal Of Law, Economics, And Organization, [S.L.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-31, abr. 1995.
WOMACK, Brantly. Democracy and the governing party (执政党): a theoretical perspective. Journal Of Chinese Political Science, [S.L.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 23-42, abr. 2005.
YANG, Dali L.. China’s Long March to Freedom. Journal Of Democracy, [S.L.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 58-64, 2007.
YU, Bin. Bounded Articulation: an analysis of cppcc proposals, 2008-12. Journal Of Chinese Political Science, [S.L.], v. 20, n. 4, p. 425-449, 25 jul. 2015.
YU-SHEK, Joseph Cheng; LI, Fan. Local Governments’ Consultative Budgetary Reforms in China: a case study of wenling city. China: An International Journal, [S.L.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 115-138, 01 abr. 2015.
ZEMIN, J. Reforma e Construção da China. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2014.
ZHANG, Kaiping; HE, Baogang; WU, Jinjin. Double trouble? Effects of social conflict and foreign investment on consultative authoritarianism in China. Contemporary Politics, [S.L.], v. 27, n. 4, p. 371-396, 18 fev. 2021.
ZHANG, Xiaodan; YAN, Wenjia. Forty-Years of the Modernization of Chinese Socialist Legality: strategy, lacuna, and outlook. German Law Journal, [S.L.], v. 23, n. 5, p. 691-712, jun. 2022.
ZHENG, Yongnian. Explaining the Sources of de facto Federalism in Reform China: intergovernmental decentralization, globalization, and central⠳local relations. Japanese Journal Of Political Science, [S.L.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 101-126, 23 jun. 2006.
XIA, Guang. China as a “Civilization-State”: a historical and comparative interpretation. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, [S.L.], v. 140, p. 43-47, ago. 2014.
XIAOJUN, Yan. (2011). Regime inclusion and the resilience of authoritarianism: The local people's political consultative conference in post-mao Chinese politics. The China Journal. 66. 53-75, 2013.
XIAOPING, D. Selected works. vol II (1975-82). Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1995.
Publicado
2024-08-05
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Pautasso, D., & Maia, I. P. . (2024). A construção institucional na China e sua dimensão consultiva. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 11(2), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n2p38-52
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