Padrões Macrorregionais de Afiliação/Participação de OSCs no Quadro ONU-Sociedade Civil
A Subrepresentação do Mundo em Desenvolvimento
Palavras-chave:
Organizações da sociedade civil, ECOSOC, Organizações não governamentais, Pluralismo, Nações Unidas
Resumo
O banco de dados da Sociedade Civil Integrada das Nações Unidas foi utilizado em estudos de caso empíricos de organizações da sociedade civil (OSCs) afiliadas às Nações Unidas em uma comparação espacial para saber se estavam sediadas em países desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. O objetivo era aferir a pluralidade/proporcionalidade na representação das OSCs por região do mundo dentro do programa de status consultivo do Conselho Econômico e Social da ONU. Os resultados indicam uma variação substancial na representação regional de OSCs dentro da estrutura de status consultivo da ONU com regiões desenvolvidas representadas em maior grau proporcional às suas populações. Tanto a África quanto a Ásia estavam sub-representadas em relação às suas proporções da população global. Os resultados desafiam as percepções de que a relação da ONU com a sociedade civil reflete o pluralismo regional refletido por meio da representação proporcional.
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Referências
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Tallberg, J., Sommerer, T., Squatrito, T., Jonsson, C. 2013. The Opening Up of International Organizations: Transnational Access in Global Governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tandon, R., Kak, M. 2008. Amplifying Voices from the Global South: Globalizing Civil Society. In Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society. Waterloo, ON: The Centre for International Governance Innovation and Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Thiel, M. 2017. European Civil Society and Human Rights Advocacy. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.
Thrall, A., D. Stecula, and D. Sweet. 2014. May We Have Your Attention Please? Human-Rights NGOs and the Problem of Global Communication. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 19(2): 135-159.
Uhlin, A. 2009. Which Characteristics of Civil Society Organizations Support What Aspects of Democracy? Evidence from Post-Communist Latvia. International Political Science Review. 30(3): 271-95.
Union of International Associations. 2017. Yearbook of International Organizations. Accessed August 12, 2017. http://www.uia.org/yearbook
United Nations. 1999. The United Nations and Civil Society: Report of the Thirtieth UN Issues Conference. Accessed 29 June, 2017. http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/archive/Issues99.pdf
United Nations. 2017. Charter of the United Nations. Accessed March 15, 2018. http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-x/index.html
United Nations. 2018. Brief Statistics about ECOSOC Status. Accessed December 30, 2018. https://csonet.org/?menu=100
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner. 2019. UNFPA Input: Enhanced and Strategic CSO Engagement at the UN. Accessed January 9, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/AboutUs/CivilSociety/Procedures/UN/UnitedNationsPopulationFund.pdf
Waisman, C. 2006. Autonomy, Self-regulation, and Democracy: Tocquevillean-Gellnerian Perspectives on Civil Society and the Bifurcated State in Latin America. In Civil Society and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Willetts, P. ed. 1996. The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-governmental Organizations in the UN System. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Willetts, P. 2000. From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN. Global Governance 6(2): 191-212.
Willetts, P. 2011. Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance. New York: Routledge.
World Association of Non-governmental Organizations. https://www.wango.org/ Accessed October 5, 2019.
Worldometers. 2017. World Population by Region. Accessed November 1, 2017. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#region
Xiaoguang, K., Li, F. 2006. NGO Governance in China: Achievements and Dilemmas. NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations. London, UK: Earthscan.
Alger, C. 2002. The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a People’s Millennium Assembly. Global Governance 8(1): 93-117.
Anderson, K. 2012. Living with the UN: American Responsibilities and International Order. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
Anderson, M. 2017. NGOs: Blessing or Curse? The Africa Report. November 29.
Antlov, H., Ibrahim, R., Van Tuijl, P. 2006. NGO Governance and Accountability in Indonesia: Challenges in a Newly Democratizing County. In NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations. London, UK: Earthscan.
Bolin, J. ed. 1999. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Carpenter, R. 2010. Governing the Global Agenda: ‘Gatekeepers’ and ‘Issue Adoption’ in Transnational Advocacy Networks. In Who Governs the Globe? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, A., Friedman, E., Hochstetler, K. 1998. The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights and Women. World Politics. 51(1); 1-35.
David L., 2000. Global Governance: A Relational Contracting Approach. Globalization and Governance. London, UK: Routledge.
DeMars, W., Dijkzuel, D. 2015. Introduction: NGOing. In The NGO Challenge for International Relations Theory. New York, NY: Routledge - Global Institutions Series.
Frredom House. 2019. Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018
Getis, A., Bjelland, M., Getis, V. 2014. Introduction to Geography. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Global Centre for Pluralism. 2018. Defining Pluralism, Global Centre for Pluralism: Pluralism Papers - No. 1. Accessed February 27, 2018. http://www.pluralism.ca/images/PDF_docs/defining_pluralism_EN.pdf
Gotz, N. 2008. Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter. European Journal of International Relations. 14(2): 231-258.
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law. http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/southafrica.html Accessed October 12, 2019.
Jokic, A. 2013. Go Local: Morality and International Activism. Ethics and Global Politics. 6(1): 39-62.
Kamat, S. 2003. NGOs and the New Democracy: The False Saviors of International Development. Harvard International Review. 25(1): 65-69
Kotzian, P. 2015. Holding International Governance to Account: Do Civil Society Organizations Have a Chance to Exert Accountability? Journal of International Organizations Studies 5(6): 5-25.
Kwesiga, J., Namisi, H. 2006. Issues in Legislation for NGOs in Uganda. In NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations. London, UK: Earthscan.
Kymlicka, W. 2008. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Linz, J., Stepan, A. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-communist Europe. 1996 Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
McKeon, N. 2009. The United Nations and Civil Society: Legitimizing Global Governance – Who’s Voice? New York: Zed Books, 2009.
Mowell, B. 2017. Pluralism and Proportionality in the Representation of European International Civil Society within the UN Framework: A Sub-regional Comparison. European Politics and Society. 19(2).
Nigeria Network of Non-Governmental Organizations. https://nnngo.org/about-us/ Accessed October 10, 2019.
Omelicheva, M. 2009. Global Civil Society and Democratization of World Politics: A Bona Fide Relationship or Illusory Liason?. International Studies Review. 11(2).
Paul, J. 2000. NGOs and Global Policy-Making, Global Policy Forum. Accessed February 21, 2018. https://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/31611-ngos-and-global-policy-making.html
Putnam, R. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. London: Simon and Schuster.
Risse-Kappen, T. ed. 1995. Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rubenstein, J. 2014. The Cultural Landscape: Introduction to Human Geography. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.
Samad, Z., and K. Mohamadieh. 2008. The Arab NGO Network for Development: A Case Study on Interaction between Emerging Regional Networking and Global Civil Society. In Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society. Waterloo, ON: The Centre for International Governance Innovation and Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Sayed-Said, M. 2004. Global Civil Society: An Arab Perspective. In Global Civil Society. London, UK: Sage Publications.
Shumate, M. and L. Dewitt. 2008. The North/South Divide in NGO Hyperlink Networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(2): 405-428
Statistica. 2019. Changes in the number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with consultative status with ECOSOC - 1948 to 2010. Accessed January 5, 2019. https://www.statista.com/statistics/268357/changes-in-the-number-of-ngos-worldwide-since-1948/
Tallberg, J., Sommerer, T., Squatrito, T., Jonsson, C. 2013. The Opening Up of International Organizations: Transnational Access in Global Governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tandon, R., Kak, M. 2008. Amplifying Voices from the Global South: Globalizing Civil Society. In Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society. Waterloo, ON: The Centre for International Governance Innovation and Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Thiel, M. 2017. European Civil Society and Human Rights Advocacy. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.
Thrall, A., D. Stecula, and D. Sweet. 2014. May We Have Your Attention Please? Human-Rights NGOs and the Problem of Global Communication. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 19(2): 135-159.
Uhlin, A. 2009. Which Characteristics of Civil Society Organizations Support What Aspects of Democracy? Evidence from Post-Communist Latvia. International Political Science Review. 30(3): 271-95.
Union of International Associations. 2017. Yearbook of International Organizations. Accessed August 12, 2017. http://www.uia.org/yearbook
United Nations. 1999. The United Nations and Civil Society: Report of the Thirtieth UN Issues Conference. Accessed 29 June, 2017. http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/archive/Issues99.pdf
United Nations. 2017. Charter of the United Nations. Accessed March 15, 2018. http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-x/index.html
United Nations. 2018. Brief Statistics about ECOSOC Status. Accessed December 30, 2018. https://csonet.org/?menu=100
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner. 2019. UNFPA Input: Enhanced and Strategic CSO Engagement at the UN. Accessed January 9, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/AboutUs/CivilSociety/Procedures/UN/UnitedNationsPopulationFund.pdf
Waisman, C. 2006. Autonomy, Self-regulation, and Democracy: Tocquevillean-Gellnerian Perspectives on Civil Society and the Bifurcated State in Latin America. In Civil Society and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Willetts, P. ed. 1996. The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-governmental Organizations in the UN System. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Willetts, P. 2000. From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN. Global Governance 6(2): 191-212.
Willetts, P. 2011. Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance. New York: Routledge.
World Association of Non-governmental Organizations. https://www.wango.org/ Accessed October 5, 2019.
Worldometers. 2017. World Population by Region. Accessed November 1, 2017. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#region
Xiaoguang, K., Li, F. 2006. NGO Governance in China: Achievements and Dilemmas. NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations. London, UK: Earthscan.
Publicado
11-04-2024
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Mowell, B. (2024). Padrões Macrorregionais de Afiliação/Participação de OSCs no Quadro ONU-Sociedade Civil. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 11(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n1p65-85
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