A LINHAGEM DO FUNDAMENTALISMO PROTESTANTE NO SÉCULO XX: DAS RAÍZES ÀS ÚLTIMAS RAMIFICAÇÕES
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Abstract
RESUMO
Fundamentalismo é hoje uma palavra que permite nomear movimentos no campo religioso e fora dele. Nem todas as pessoas conhecem sua origem no interior do protestantismo estadunidense na transição do século XIX para o XX, período em que os autodesignados fundamentalistas lutavam contra as consequências da modernidade que afligiam a igreja: internamente, os desafios do liberalismo teológico e de sua crítica à Bíblia; externamente, os do humanismo secular. Na interação das ideias com as condições materiais de uma época marcada religiosamente por avivamentos, conferências bíblicas e, principalmente, distribuição de material impresso, destacam-se duas publicações fundamentalistas radicais: The Fundamentals: a Testimony to the Truth, como sistematização das doutrinas inegociáveis do movimento, e The Scofield Reference Bible, como veículo de divulgação da teologia dispensacionalista e da escatologia pré-milenarista. Duas produções a evidenciar que, para a hermenêutica fundamentalista, importa sempre voltar ao passado (mesmo que idealizado) e anunciar o futuro como certo. Para demonstrar a validade do que se apresenta, discute-se ainda a publicação da ramificação caçula do movimento, o livro The Fundamentals for the Twenty- First Century, edição original de 2000, simbolicamente para fechar o século XX (e abrir o XXI) com mentalidade muito semelhante à da segunda metade do século XIX.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Protestantismo. Fundamentalismo. Hermenêutica. The Fundamentals. Scofield.
ABSTRACT
Fundamentalism is currently a word that may be applied to both religious and secular movements. Not all people know its origin within the American Protestantism during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century, a period when the self-proclaimed fundamentalists fought against the consequences of modernity that were besetting the Church: internally, the challenges of theological liberalism and its critique of the Bible; externally, secular humanism. In the interaction between ideas and the material conditions of an era religiously marked by revivals, Bible conferences, and, mainly, the distribution of printed material, two radical fundamentalist publications stood out: The Fundamentals: a Testimony to the Truth, as a systematization of the non-negotiable doctrines of the movement, and The Scofield Reference Bible, as a means of publicizing Dispensationalist theology and Premillennial Eschatology. Two productions that highlight that, for fundamentalist hermeneutics, at any time, it is important to go back to the past (even if idealized) and announce the future as certain. In order to demonstrate the validity of the argument, we discuss the publication of the younger branch of the movement, the book The Fundamentals for the Twenty-First Century (2000), to symbolically close the 20th century (and open the 21th) with a mentality very similar to that of the second half of the 19th century.
KEYWORDS: Protestantism. Fundamentalism. Hermeneutics. The Fundamentals. Scofield.
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