Sino-Russian energy cooperation in the post-Cold War (2000-2021)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n3p29-49Keywords:
Energy cooperation, Russia, ChinaAbstract
This article aims to analyze Sino-Russian energy cooperation. Energy cooperation is the cornerstone in the relations between Russia and China. The Russian interest in this cooperation is to assure demand for the country’s energy exports, to acquire investment capital, and to benefit from Chinese labour. On the Chinese side, the aim has been to obtain access to Russian natural resources and to invest surplus capital. Despite the overlap in supply and demand, as well as the geographical proximity, the Russian energy market is directed towards Europe, while Chinese energy demand primarily is covered by the Middle East and Central Asia. The need for energy diversification has changed this situation and spurred Sino-Russian cooperation. The article is structured in three parts: it first presents Sino-Russian energy trade, secondly, it treats the agreements signed between both countries, and finally, it analyses energy cooperation. We concluded that this cooperation tends to endure due to the energy-related ties formed as part of the long-term agreements and construction of infrastructure. Also, that this cooperation is of a strategic nature for both countries, as it offers an alternative to other energy relations and provides the necessary room of maneuver to defend central political and security-related interests.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
AFRICA REUTERS. Fitch: Yamal LNG Deal With Chinese Banks Benefits Novatek And Total. Reuters, May 3, 2016. Available at: https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFFit957700. Accessed: June 05, 2019.
AHMED, N.. Ukraine crisis is about Great Power oil, gas pipeline rivalry. The Guardian, March 6, 2014. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/mar/06/ukraine-crisis-great-power-oil-gas-rivals-pipelines. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
ARCTIC BULK. Northern Sea Route - the shortcut between Asia and Europe. Available at: http://www.arcticbulk.com/article/186/NORTHERN_SEA_ROUTE. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
LUKIN, A.. China in Russia' s Turn to the East. Asia Pacific Bulletin. East-West Center, Number 477. May 6, 2019. Available at: https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/apb477_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=37135. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
BBC. Rosneft in $270bn China oil supply deal. BBC. June 21, 2013. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/business-23000827. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
BBC. Rússia e EUA adotam sanções; Moscou adverte contra 'impulso hostil'. BBC. March 20, 2014. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2014/03/140320_sancoes_russia_rb. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
BBC. Entenda a quebra do banco Lehman Brothers. BBC. September 15, 2008. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2008/09/080915_lehman_qa_pu.shtml. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
BBC. Como é o mega-gasoduto resultado do 'acordo do século' entre a Rússia e a China. BBC. December 5, 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50658563. Accessed: May 13, 2021.
BERMINGHAM, F.. China Funds Mega Yamal Lng Project. Global Trade Review. April 5, 2016. Available at: https://www.gtreview.com/news/europe/china-funds-mega-russian-lng-project/. Accessed: May 13, 2021.
BIANCO, M.. O Projeto Yamal LNG e sua Relevância para a Rússia. NEBRICS. December 18, 2018. Available at: https://www.ufrgs.br/nebrics/o-projeto-yamal-lng-e-sua-relevancia-para-a-russia/. Accessed: May 4, 2021.
BLANK, S.. Russo-Chinese Relations at a Crossroads: An American View. In Moshes, Arkady; NOJONEN, Matti (eds.). Russia-China relations: Current state, alternative futures, and implications for the West. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA report 30), 2011, p. 76-94.
BOLT, P. J.. Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order. Strategic Studies Quarterly: Winter, 2014, p. 48-70.
BP (British Petroleum). 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 68th edition, Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
BP (British Petroleum). 2022. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 71st edition, Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2022.
CHENOY, A. M.; KUMAR, R.. Re-emerging Russia: Structures, Institutions and Processes. Published by Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, p. 153-184.
CLOVER, C.. Russia and China agree $270bn oil deal. Financial Times. June 21, 2013. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ebc10e76-da55-11e2-a237-00144feab7de. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
DOWNS, E.. Russia not Saudi Arabia is China’s main source of oil. March. 2018. Available at: https://cpianalysis.org/2018/03/28/the-new-king-of-chinas-crude-oil-imports-russia-and-the-competition-for-market-share-in-china/. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
EFE. Putin inaugura gigantesca usina de gás liquefeito no Ártico. December 8, 2017. Available at: https://www.efe.com/efe/brasil/mundo/putin-inaugura-gigantesca-usina-de-gas-liquefeito-no-artico/50000243-3461837#. Accessed: February 16, 2020.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). China. May 14, 2015. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/China/china.pdf. Accessed: April 20, 2020.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). Country Analysis Brief: Russia. October, 2017. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Russia/russia.pdf. Accessed: April 20, 2020.
EL MUNDO. Cronología de la crisis ucraniana. May 5, 2014. Available at: http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/02/18/53038275ca4741015a8b457e.html. Accessed: June 18, 2020.
ESCARDA, Arturo. Rússia dá grande passo para conquistar o Ártico. Exame, December 13, 2017. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-da-grande-passo-para-conquistar-o-artico/. Accessed: June 18, 2020.
ESTADÃO. EUA impõem sanções a oligarcas russos por "atividades maliciosas". April 6, 2018. Available at: https://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,estados-unidos-impoem-sancoes-a-oligarcas-russos-devido-a-atividades-maliciosas,70002257879. Accessed: August 12, 2020.
ESTADÃO. Gasoduto Turcomenistão/China será inaugurado amanhã. December 13, 2009. Available at: https://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,gasoduto-turcomenistaochina-sera-inaugurado-amanha,481358. Accessed: August 14, 2020.
ESTADÃO. Rússia e China fazem acordo de oferta de petróleo e gás. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/negocios,russia-e-china-fazem-acordo-de-oferta-de-petroleo-e-gas,168152e. Accessed: September 23, 2020.
EXAME. Rússia e China assinam mega-acordo petrolífero. June 21, 2013. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-e-china-assinam-mega-acordo-petrolifero/. Accessed: September 24, 2020.
EXAME. Rússia inaugura usina gigantesca de gás natural no Ártico. December 8, 2017. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-inaugura-usina-gigantesca-de-gas-natural-no-artico/. Accessed: October 5, 2020.
GABUEV, A.. A “Soft Alliance”? Russia-China Relations After The Ukraine Crisis. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), 2015, p. 1-11.
GAZPROM. Gazprom and CNPC sign Agreement on Power of Siberia cross-border section and other documents for further cooperation. December 17, 2015. Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2015/december/article256006/. Accessed: November 14, 2020.
GAZPROM. Power of Siberia: The largest gas transmission system in Russia’s East. Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/projects/power-of-siberia/. Accessed: February 26, 2021.
HILL, F.. Energy Empire: Oil, Gas and Russia’s Revival. The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004, p. 1-64.
KACZMARSKI, M.. Russia–China Relations in the Post-Crisis International Order. Oxford: Routledge, 2015, p. 8-34.
KUZNETSOVA, N. V.; KUZNETSOVA, E. V.. Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences - MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 2015, Vol. 6, N° 5.
LNG WORLD NEWS. Russia’s Novatek delivers two Yamal LNG cargoes via NSR to China. July 19, 2018. Available at: https://www.lngworldnews.com/russias-novatek-delivers-two-yamal-lng-cargoes-via-nsr-to-china/. Accessed: November 28, 2020.
MAKAROV, I.; MOROZKINA, A.. Regional Dimension of Foreign Direct Investment in Russia. 2015, Paper 3, p. 45-71.
MEIDAN, M.. China’s loans for oil: asset or liability? The Oxford Institute of Energy Studies. December 2016. Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Chinas-loans-for-oil-WPM-70.pdf. Accessed: December 9, 2020.
MELLO, J.. Moniz Bandeira fala sobre a questão da Crimeia. Jornal GGN, 2014. Available at: https://jornalggn.com.br/noticia/moniz-bandeira-fala-sobre-a-questao-da-crimeia. Accessed: December 12, 2020.
MINISTRY OF ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030. Approved by Decree N°1715-r of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 13 November 2009. Moscow 2010. Available at: http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES-2030_(Eng).pdf. Accessed: January 31, 2021.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS OF CHINA. China Statistical Yearbook. 2019. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm. Accessed: November 16, 2020.
NOVATEK. Novatek Shipped First LNG Cargos to China. July 19, 2018. Available at: http://www.novatek.ru/en/index.php?id_4=2528. Accessed: February 17, 2021.
OECa (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). China. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/pt/profile/country/chn/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). Rússia. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/pt/profile/country/rus/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). 2017c. What Does China export to Russia? (2017). Available at: https://oec.world/pt/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/chn/rus/show/2017/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). 2017b. What Does Russia export to China? (2017). Available at: https://oec.world/pt/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/rus/chn/show/2017/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Regulations: Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine. March 17, 2014. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0269&from=GA. Accessed: April 22, 2021.
PALLARDY, D.. Gazprom’s plans for Power of Siberia 2 pipe to China move forward. ICIS: Independent Commodity Intelligence Services. March 31, 2020. Available at: https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2020/03/31/10488588/gazprom-s-plans-for-power-of-siberia-2-pipe-to-china-move-forward. Accessed: May 18, 2021.
PAXTON, R.; SOLDATKIN, V.. China lends Russia $25 billion to get 20 years of oil. Reuters. February 17, 2009. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-china-oil-sb/china-lends-russia-25-billion-to-get-20-years-of-oil-idUKTRE51G3S620090217. Accessed: May 18, 2021
PELLEGRINI, M.. Regulação financeira falha criou mecanismos da crise de 2008. October 27, 2011. Available at: http://www5.usp.br/1999/regulacao-financeira-falha-criou-mecanismos-da-crise-de-2008/. Accessed: May 23, 2021.
PETRONOTÍCIAS. Rússia Fecha Acordo para Fornecer Petróleo e Gás à China. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://petronoticias.com.br/archives/39669. Accessed: May 23, 2020.
POZZI, S.. Bolha imobiliária: dez anos do gatilho da crise que parou o mundo. El País, August 7, 2017. Available at: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2017/08/05/economia/1501927439_342599.html. Accessed: June 2, 2021.
REUTERS. Russia's Novatek ships first LNG cargo to China via Arctic. July 19, 2018. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-novatek-cnpc-lng/russias-novatek-ships-first-lng-cargo-to-china-via-arctic-idUSKBN1K90YN. Accessed: June 2, 2021.
RIBEIRO, E. H.. A Expansão da Organização para a Cooperação de Xangai (OCX): Uma Coalizão Anti-hegemônica. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2015.
ROSNEFT. Rosneft and Sinopec Agree Memorandum on Prepaid Export Contract. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://www.rosneft.com/press/releases/item/24362/. Accessed: December 15, 2020.
RT. Russia and China strengthen trade ties with $85 billion oil deal. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://www.rt.com/business/rosneft-china-sinopec-oil-537/. Accessed: December 15, 2020.
RUKAVISHNIKOV, V.. Understanding Putin’s Foreign and Security Policy: Lessons from the Russian Transition. In KANET, Roger E.; PIET, Rémi (eds.). Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014, p. 35-50.
SAHUQUILLO, M. R.. Sanções ocidentais levam Rússia a se voltar para a China. El País. December 27, 2018. Available at: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/12/23/internacional/1545585795_552031.html. Acessed: June 20, 2021.
SALIN, P.. How Russians perceive China. In.: MOSHES, Arkady; NOJONEN, Matti (eds.). Russia-China relations: Current state, alternative futures, and implications for the West. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA report 30), 2011, p. 60-75.
SPELLMAN, S.; LEITE, A. C. C.. A redução do investimento chinês na Nova Rota da Seda: entre a contenção de gastos e a preparação para uma crise financeira internacional. Desafíos, 2020, 32(1), p. 1-32. Doi: https://www.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.7705
SPIVAK, V.; FOY, H.. Russia struggles to attract Chinese capital to its Far East. Financial Times. May 5, 2019. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/d4cf3486-681b-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62. Accessed: June 30, 2021.
SPUTNIK. Rússia e China: saindo da neutralidade ao suporte em importantes conflitos. August 29, 2016. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/asia_oceania/201608296168530-russia-china-neutralidade/. Accessed: June 26, 2021.
SPUTNIK. UE publica nova lista de sanções contra a Rússia. February 16, 2015. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/mundo/20150216177531/. Accessed: May 8, 2021.
SPUTNIK. Veja por que a Coreia do Sul quer aumentar laços econômicos com a Rússia. January 4, 2018b. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/asia_oceania/2018010410214458-Coreia-do-Sul-quer-aumento-lacos-economicos-com-a-Russia/. Accessed: May 8, 2021.
SUN, H. H.. China just received its first LNG shipment to arrive directly from the Russian Arctic by ship. Arctic Today. July 20, 2018. Available at: https://www.arctictoday.com/china-just-received-first-lng-shipment-arrive-directly-russian-arctic-ship/. Accessed: May 16, 2021.
SUSSEX, Matthew. Russian Foreign Policy and the Asia-Pacific Power Shift. In.: KANET, Roger E.; PIET, Rémi (eds.). Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014, p. 205- 223.
TASS. Gazprom, CNPC sign agreement on basic conditions of gas supply from Far East to China. December 21, 2017. Available at: http://tass.com/economy/982188. Accessed: April 9, 2021
TASS. Development of Russia-China relations is priority for the countries, says Xi Jinping. December 2, 2019. Available at: https://tass.com/world/1094703. Accessed: April 9, 2021.
THE ECONOMIST. The origins of the financial crisis: Crash course. September 7, 2013. Available at: https://www.economist.com/schools-brief/2013/09/07/crash-course. Accessed: March 20, 2021.
TRENIN, D.. Russian Foreign Policy as Exercise in Nation Building. In Cadier, David and Light, Margot (org.). Russia’s foreign policy: Ideas, Domestic Politics and External Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 30-41.
TREVISAN, C.. China ajuda Rússia em reestatização da Yukos. Folha de São Paulo. February 3, 2005. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi0302200533.htm. Accessed: March 20, 2021.
TSYGANKOV, A. P. Russophobia: Anti-Russian Lobby and American Foreign Policy. Palgrave McMillan, 2009.
WAN, W.; HAUSLOHNER, A.. China, Russia sign $400 billion gas deal. The Washington Post, May 21, 2014. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/china-russia-sign-400-billion-gas-deal/2014/05/21/364e9e74-e0de-11e3-8dcc-d6b7fede081a_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.28fc2b4edf76. Accessed: March 22, 2021.
WORLD BANKa. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) – Russian Federation. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=RU. Accessed: November 21, 2020.
WORLD BANK GROUP. Russia Economic Report: Modest Growth Ahead. N° 39. May 2018. Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/162681527086868170/RER-39-Eng.pdf. Accessed: November 21, 2020.
WORLD POPULATION REVIEW. Russia Population 2020 (Live). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/. Accessed: February 14, 2021.
World Bank. Gross domestic product 2017. 2018. Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf. Accessed: February 14, 2021.
XU, B.; REISINGER, W. M.. Russia's energy diplomacy with China: personalism and institutionalism in its policy-making process. Routledge Taylor e Francis Group. The Pacific Review, 2018. p. 1-19.
YILMAZ, S.; DAKSUEVA, O.. The energy nexus in the China–Russia strategic partnership. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, March 2017, p. 1-26.
ZIEGLER, C. E. Russia and China in Central Asia. In Bellacqua, James (edt.). The Future of China-Russia Relations. The University Press of Kentucky, 2010, p. 233-265.
AHMED, N.. Ukraine crisis is about Great Power oil, gas pipeline rivalry. The Guardian, March 6, 2014. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/mar/06/ukraine-crisis-great-power-oil-gas-rivals-pipelines. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
ARCTIC BULK. Northern Sea Route - the shortcut between Asia and Europe. Available at: http://www.arcticbulk.com/article/186/NORTHERN_SEA_ROUTE. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
LUKIN, A.. China in Russia' s Turn to the East. Asia Pacific Bulletin. East-West Center, Number 477. May 6, 2019. Available at: https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/apb477_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=37135. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
BBC. Rosneft in $270bn China oil supply deal. BBC. June 21, 2013. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/business-23000827. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
BBC. Rússia e EUA adotam sanções; Moscou adverte contra 'impulso hostil'. BBC. March 20, 2014. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2014/03/140320_sancoes_russia_rb. Accessed: March 12, 2021.
BBC. Entenda a quebra do banco Lehman Brothers. BBC. September 15, 2008. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2008/09/080915_lehman_qa_pu.shtml. Accessed: May 25, 2021.
BBC. Como é o mega-gasoduto resultado do 'acordo do século' entre a Rússia e a China. BBC. December 5, 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50658563. Accessed: May 13, 2021.
BERMINGHAM, F.. China Funds Mega Yamal Lng Project. Global Trade Review. April 5, 2016. Available at: https://www.gtreview.com/news/europe/china-funds-mega-russian-lng-project/. Accessed: May 13, 2021.
BIANCO, M.. O Projeto Yamal LNG e sua Relevância para a Rússia. NEBRICS. December 18, 2018. Available at: https://www.ufrgs.br/nebrics/o-projeto-yamal-lng-e-sua-relevancia-para-a-russia/. Accessed: May 4, 2021.
BLANK, S.. Russo-Chinese Relations at a Crossroads: An American View. In Moshes, Arkady; NOJONEN, Matti (eds.). Russia-China relations: Current state, alternative futures, and implications for the West. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA report 30), 2011, p. 76-94.
BOLT, P. J.. Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order. Strategic Studies Quarterly: Winter, 2014, p. 48-70.
BP (British Petroleum). 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 68th edition, Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
BP (British Petroleum). 2022. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 71st edition, Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2022.
CHENOY, A. M.; KUMAR, R.. Re-emerging Russia: Structures, Institutions and Processes. Published by Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, p. 153-184.
CLOVER, C.. Russia and China agree $270bn oil deal. Financial Times. June 21, 2013. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ebc10e76-da55-11e2-a237-00144feab7de. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
DOWNS, E.. Russia not Saudi Arabia is China’s main source of oil. March. 2018. Available at: https://cpianalysis.org/2018/03/28/the-new-king-of-chinas-crude-oil-imports-russia-and-the-competition-for-market-share-in-china/. Accessed: January 30, 2020.
EFE. Putin inaugura gigantesca usina de gás liquefeito no Ártico. December 8, 2017. Available at: https://www.efe.com/efe/brasil/mundo/putin-inaugura-gigantesca-usina-de-gas-liquefeito-no-artico/50000243-3461837#. Accessed: February 16, 2020.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). China. May 14, 2015. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/China/china.pdf. Accessed: April 20, 2020.
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). Country Analysis Brief: Russia. October, 2017. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Russia/russia.pdf. Accessed: April 20, 2020.
EL MUNDO. Cronología de la crisis ucraniana. May 5, 2014. Available at: http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/02/18/53038275ca4741015a8b457e.html. Accessed: June 18, 2020.
ESCARDA, Arturo. Rússia dá grande passo para conquistar o Ártico. Exame, December 13, 2017. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-da-grande-passo-para-conquistar-o-artico/. Accessed: June 18, 2020.
ESTADÃO. EUA impõem sanções a oligarcas russos por "atividades maliciosas". April 6, 2018. Available at: https://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,estados-unidos-impoem-sancoes-a-oligarcas-russos-devido-a-atividades-maliciosas,70002257879. Accessed: August 12, 2020.
ESTADÃO. Gasoduto Turcomenistão/China será inaugurado amanhã. December 13, 2009. Available at: https://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,gasoduto-turcomenistaochina-sera-inaugurado-amanha,481358. Accessed: August 14, 2020.
ESTADÃO. Rússia e China fazem acordo de oferta de petróleo e gás. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/negocios,russia-e-china-fazem-acordo-de-oferta-de-petroleo-e-gas,168152e. Accessed: September 23, 2020.
EXAME. Rússia e China assinam mega-acordo petrolífero. June 21, 2013. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-e-china-assinam-mega-acordo-petrolifero/. Accessed: September 24, 2020.
EXAME. Rússia inaugura usina gigantesca de gás natural no Ártico. December 8, 2017. Available at: https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/russia-inaugura-usina-gigantesca-de-gas-natural-no-artico/. Accessed: October 5, 2020.
GABUEV, A.. A “Soft Alliance”? Russia-China Relations After The Ukraine Crisis. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), 2015, p. 1-11.
GAZPROM. Gazprom and CNPC sign Agreement on Power of Siberia cross-border section and other documents for further cooperation. December 17, 2015. Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2015/december/article256006/. Accessed: November 14, 2020.
GAZPROM. Power of Siberia: The largest gas transmission system in Russia’s East. Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/projects/power-of-siberia/. Accessed: February 26, 2021.
HILL, F.. Energy Empire: Oil, Gas and Russia’s Revival. The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004, p. 1-64.
KACZMARSKI, M.. Russia–China Relations in the Post-Crisis International Order. Oxford: Routledge, 2015, p. 8-34.
KUZNETSOVA, N. V.; KUZNETSOVA, E. V.. Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences - MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 2015, Vol. 6, N° 5.
LNG WORLD NEWS. Russia’s Novatek delivers two Yamal LNG cargoes via NSR to China. July 19, 2018. Available at: https://www.lngworldnews.com/russias-novatek-delivers-two-yamal-lng-cargoes-via-nsr-to-china/. Accessed: November 28, 2020.
MAKAROV, I.; MOROZKINA, A.. Regional Dimension of Foreign Direct Investment in Russia. 2015, Paper 3, p. 45-71.
MEIDAN, M.. China’s loans for oil: asset or liability? The Oxford Institute of Energy Studies. December 2016. Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Chinas-loans-for-oil-WPM-70.pdf. Accessed: December 9, 2020.
MELLO, J.. Moniz Bandeira fala sobre a questão da Crimeia. Jornal GGN, 2014. Available at: https://jornalggn.com.br/noticia/moniz-bandeira-fala-sobre-a-questao-da-crimeia. Accessed: December 12, 2020.
MINISTRY OF ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030. Approved by Decree N°1715-r of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 13 November 2009. Moscow 2010. Available at: http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES-2030_(Eng).pdf. Accessed: January 31, 2021.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS OF CHINA. China Statistical Yearbook. 2019. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm. Accessed: November 16, 2020.
NOVATEK. Novatek Shipped First LNG Cargos to China. July 19, 2018. Available at: http://www.novatek.ru/en/index.php?id_4=2528. Accessed: February 17, 2021.
OECa (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). China. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/pt/profile/country/chn/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). Rússia. Available at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/pt/profile/country/rus/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). 2017c. What Does China export to Russia? (2017). Available at: https://oec.world/pt/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/chn/rus/show/2017/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OEC (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). 2017b. What Does Russia export to China? (2017). Available at: https://oec.world/pt/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/rus/chn/show/2017/. Accessed: May 19, 2020.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Regulations: Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine. March 17, 2014. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0269&from=GA. Accessed: April 22, 2021.
PALLARDY, D.. Gazprom’s plans for Power of Siberia 2 pipe to China move forward. ICIS: Independent Commodity Intelligence Services. March 31, 2020. Available at: https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2020/03/31/10488588/gazprom-s-plans-for-power-of-siberia-2-pipe-to-china-move-forward. Accessed: May 18, 2021.
PAXTON, R.; SOLDATKIN, V.. China lends Russia $25 billion to get 20 years of oil. Reuters. February 17, 2009. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-china-oil-sb/china-lends-russia-25-billion-to-get-20-years-of-oil-idUKTRE51G3S620090217. Accessed: May 18, 2021
PELLEGRINI, M.. Regulação financeira falha criou mecanismos da crise de 2008. October 27, 2011. Available at: http://www5.usp.br/1999/regulacao-financeira-falha-criou-mecanismos-da-crise-de-2008/. Accessed: May 23, 2021.
PETRONOTÍCIAS. Rússia Fecha Acordo para Fornecer Petróleo e Gás à China. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://petronoticias.com.br/archives/39669. Accessed: May 23, 2020.
POZZI, S.. Bolha imobiliária: dez anos do gatilho da crise que parou o mundo. El País, August 7, 2017. Available at: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2017/08/05/economia/1501927439_342599.html. Accessed: June 2, 2021.
REUTERS. Russia's Novatek ships first LNG cargo to China via Arctic. July 19, 2018. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-novatek-cnpc-lng/russias-novatek-ships-first-lng-cargo-to-china-via-arctic-idUSKBN1K90YN. Accessed: June 2, 2021.
RIBEIRO, E. H.. A Expansão da Organização para a Cooperação de Xangai (OCX): Uma Coalizão Anti-hegemônica. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2015.
ROSNEFT. Rosneft and Sinopec Agree Memorandum on Prepaid Export Contract. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://www.rosneft.com/press/releases/item/24362/. Accessed: December 15, 2020.
RT. Russia and China strengthen trade ties with $85 billion oil deal. October 22, 2013. Available at: https://www.rt.com/business/rosneft-china-sinopec-oil-537/. Accessed: December 15, 2020.
RUKAVISHNIKOV, V.. Understanding Putin’s Foreign and Security Policy: Lessons from the Russian Transition. In KANET, Roger E.; PIET, Rémi (eds.). Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014, p. 35-50.
SAHUQUILLO, M. R.. Sanções ocidentais levam Rússia a se voltar para a China. El País. December 27, 2018. Available at: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/12/23/internacional/1545585795_552031.html. Acessed: June 20, 2021.
SALIN, P.. How Russians perceive China. In.: MOSHES, Arkady; NOJONEN, Matti (eds.). Russia-China relations: Current state, alternative futures, and implications for the West. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA report 30), 2011, p. 60-75.
SPELLMAN, S.; LEITE, A. C. C.. A redução do investimento chinês na Nova Rota da Seda: entre a contenção de gastos e a preparação para uma crise financeira internacional. Desafíos, 2020, 32(1), p. 1-32. Doi: https://www.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.7705
SPIVAK, V.; FOY, H.. Russia struggles to attract Chinese capital to its Far East. Financial Times. May 5, 2019. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/d4cf3486-681b-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62. Accessed: June 30, 2021.
SPUTNIK. Rússia e China: saindo da neutralidade ao suporte em importantes conflitos. August 29, 2016. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/asia_oceania/201608296168530-russia-china-neutralidade/. Accessed: June 26, 2021.
SPUTNIK. UE publica nova lista de sanções contra a Rússia. February 16, 2015. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/mundo/20150216177531/. Accessed: May 8, 2021.
SPUTNIK. Veja por que a Coreia do Sul quer aumentar laços econômicos com a Rússia. January 4, 2018b. Available at: https://br.sputniknews.com/asia_oceania/2018010410214458-Coreia-do-Sul-quer-aumento-lacos-economicos-com-a-Russia/. Accessed: May 8, 2021.
SUN, H. H.. China just received its first LNG shipment to arrive directly from the Russian Arctic by ship. Arctic Today. July 20, 2018. Available at: https://www.arctictoday.com/china-just-received-first-lng-shipment-arrive-directly-russian-arctic-ship/. Accessed: May 16, 2021.
SUSSEX, Matthew. Russian Foreign Policy and the Asia-Pacific Power Shift. In.: KANET, Roger E.; PIET, Rémi (eds.). Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014, p. 205- 223.
TASS. Gazprom, CNPC sign agreement on basic conditions of gas supply from Far East to China. December 21, 2017. Available at: http://tass.com/economy/982188. Accessed: April 9, 2021
TASS. Development of Russia-China relations is priority for the countries, says Xi Jinping. December 2, 2019. Available at: https://tass.com/world/1094703. Accessed: April 9, 2021.
THE ECONOMIST. The origins of the financial crisis: Crash course. September 7, 2013. Available at: https://www.economist.com/schools-brief/2013/09/07/crash-course. Accessed: March 20, 2021.
TRENIN, D.. Russian Foreign Policy as Exercise in Nation Building. In Cadier, David and Light, Margot (org.). Russia’s foreign policy: Ideas, Domestic Politics and External Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 30-41.
TREVISAN, C.. China ajuda Rússia em reestatização da Yukos. Folha de São Paulo. February 3, 2005. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi0302200533.htm. Accessed: March 20, 2021.
TSYGANKOV, A. P. Russophobia: Anti-Russian Lobby and American Foreign Policy. Palgrave McMillan, 2009.
WAN, W.; HAUSLOHNER, A.. China, Russia sign $400 billion gas deal. The Washington Post, May 21, 2014. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/china-russia-sign-400-billion-gas-deal/2014/05/21/364e9e74-e0de-11e3-8dcc-d6b7fede081a_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.28fc2b4edf76. Accessed: March 22, 2021.
WORLD BANKa. Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) – Russian Federation. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=RU. Accessed: November 21, 2020.
WORLD BANK GROUP. Russia Economic Report: Modest Growth Ahead. N° 39. May 2018. Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/162681527086868170/RER-39-Eng.pdf. Accessed: November 21, 2020.
WORLD POPULATION REVIEW. Russia Population 2020 (Live). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/russia-population/. Accessed: February 14, 2021.
World Bank. Gross domestic product 2017. 2018. Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf. Accessed: February 14, 2021.
XU, B.; REISINGER, W. M.. Russia's energy diplomacy with China: personalism and institutionalism in its policy-making process. Routledge Taylor e Francis Group. The Pacific Review, 2018. p. 1-19.
YILMAZ, S.; DAKSUEVA, O.. The energy nexus in the China–Russia strategic partnership. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, March 2017, p. 1-26.
ZIEGLER, C. E. Russia and China in Central Asia. In Bellacqua, James (edt.). The Future of China-Russia Relations. The University Press of Kentucky, 2010, p. 233-265.
Published
2024-08-20
How to Cite
Albuquerque, F. P. S., Leite, A. C. C. ., & Pacheco, C. C. . (2024). Sino-Russian energy cooperation in the post-Cold War (2000-2021). Estudos Internacionais: International Relations Journal of PUC Minas, 11(3), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n3p29-49
Issue
Section
Special Issue – Contemporary Russia in International Relations
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a.Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
b.Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c.Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
