Relaciones Internacionales y fútbol
Límites y posibilidades para que China se convierta en una potencia global del fútbol en 2050
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p7-24Palabras clave:
China, Fútbol, Política deportiva, Relaciones Internacionales, Copa Mundial FIFAResumen
Bajo el liderazgo del presidente Xi Jinping, la revitalización del fútbol se ha convertido en un objetivo estratégico clave para China. Sus tres deseos son clasificarse regularmente, organizar y ganar la Copa Mundial de la FIFA para 2050. Considerando la estatalidad del sistema deportivo internacional y la motivación política de China para lograr objetivos tan ambiciosos, este artículo aplicará un análisis del fútbol desde una perspectiva de Relaciones Internacional. En este sentido, se identifican tres premisas básicas para el análisis del fútbol: 1. El interés nacional en el deporte es ganar títulos. 2. El interés nacional no es tan relevante como la habilidad y capacidad del estado para ganar. 3. Más recursos e inversiones pueden garantizar un mejor rendimiento, pero no necesariamente ganar títulos. En conclusión, aunque el fútbol en China está teniendo un desarrollo considerable a lo largo de esta década, si tenemos en cuenta que la conversión de recursos en títulos no es la misma para todos los países, China podría enfrentarse a una paradoja de poder, siendo incapaz de aprovechar sus extraordinarias capacidades. para conseguir títulos y convertirse en una potencia futbolística mundial.
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AUTHOR. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 2020.
BARNARD, M.; BOOR, S.; WINN, C.; WOOD, C.; WRAY, I. World in motion: Annual Review of Football Finance 2019. Deloitte. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-annual-review-of-football-finance-2019.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
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CIES FOOTBALL OBSERVATORY. Atlas of migration, 3 feb. 2020. Disponível em: <https://football-observatory.com/IMG/sites/atlasmigr/> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
D’AGATI, P.A. Surrogate war: politics of conflict in sports and space. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.10, n.3, p.451-467, 2018.
DE BOSSCHER, V.; SHIBLI, S.; WESTERBEEK, H.; VAN BOTTENBURG, M. Successful elite sport policies: an international comparison of the sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2015.
DE RYCKE, J.; DE BOSSCHER, V. Mapping the potential societal impacts triggered by elite sport: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.11, n.3, p.485-502, 2019.
DELOITTE. 中超联赛: 2018商业价值评估白皮书. 德勤科技, 传媒和电信行业. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-csl-2018-performance-review-zh-190318.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
EU SME CENTRE. The Football Industry in China. 2019. Disponível em: <http://ccilc.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/eu_sme_centre_-_the_football_industry_in_china_clean.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
FIFA. FIFA TMS Global Transfer Market 2017: record international transfers in 2016. Fifa.com, 27 jan. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-tms-global-transfer-market-2017-record-international-transfers-in-2865353> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
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GREEN, M.; OAKLEY, B. Elite sport development systems and playing to win: Uniformity and diversity in international approaches. Leisure Studies, v.20, n.4, p.247–267, 2001.
GREGORY, B. American public diplomacy: enduring characteristics, elusive transformation. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v.6, n.3-4, p.351–372, 2011.
GRIX, J.; BRANNAGAN, P. M. Of mechanisms and myths: Conceptualizing states’ ‘soft power’ strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy and Statecraft, v.27, n.2, p.251–272, 2016.
GRIX, J.; CARMICHAEL, F. Why do governments invest in elite sports? A polemic. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.4, n.1, p.73-90, 2012.
GRIX, J.; BRANNAGAN, P. M.; HOULIHAN, B. Interrogating States’ Soft Power Strategies: A Case Study of Sports Mega-Events in Brazil and the UK. Global Society, v,29, n.3, p.463-479, 2015.
GÜNDOĞAN, I.; SONNTAG, A. Chinese Football in the Era of Xi Jinping: What do Supporters Think? Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, v.47, n.1, p.103–141, 2018.
HALLINAN, C.; HEENAN, T. Australia, Asia and the new football opportunity. Soccer & Society, v.14, n.5, p.751-767, 2013.
HONG, F. China. In: HOULIHAN, B.; GREEN, M. (eds.). Comparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Cap.2, p.26-52.
HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. Sport and Politics in the 1980s: The Olympic Strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.29, n.1, p.74-97, 2012.
HOULIHAN, B. The Government and Politics of Sport. London: Routledge, 1991.
HU, X.; HENRY, I. Reform and maintenance of Juguo Tizhi: governmental management discourse of Chinese elite sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, v.17, n.4, p.531-553, 2017.
IFFHS. IFFHS awards – The strongest national league in the world 2019. Iffhs.de, 13 jan. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.iffhs.de/index.php/posts/58> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
JEDLICKA, S. Sport governance as global governance: theoretical perspectives on sport in the international system. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.10, n.2, p.287–304, 2017.
JINXIA, D.; MANGAN, J. A. Football in the new China: Political statement, entrepreneurial enticement and patriotic passion. Soccer & Society, v.2, n.3, p.79-100, 2001.
KISSOUDI, P. Sport, politics and international relations in the twentieth century. International Journal of the History of Sport, v.25, n.13, p.1689–1706, 2008.
KSI. Why has Icelandic football been so successful recently?. KSI media office. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.ksi.is/library/contentfiles/Why%20is%20Icelandic%20football%20so%20successful%20recently%202018%20upd.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
LEITE JUNIOR, E.; RODRIGUES, C. Belt, Road and Ball: Football as a Chinese Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Tool. In: LEANDRO, F. S. B. S.; DUARTE, P. A. B. (eds.). The Belt and Road Initiative: An Old Archetype of a New Development Model. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. Cap.4, p. 61-83.
LI, L. Understanding China’s School Football Fever in the Post-Beijing Olympic Era, 2009–2016: Policy and Practice. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.34, n.17-18, p.1898-1914, 2018.
LOBMEYER, H.; WEIDINGER, L. Commercialism as a Dominant Factor in the American Sports Scene: Sources, Developments, Perspectives. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v.27, n.4, p.309-329, 1992.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D. Semi-core states: A new category for rethinking the structure of power. Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations, v.8, n.15, p.131-158, 2019.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D.. The Semiperipheral States in the Twenty-first Century: Measuring the Structural Position of Regional Powers and Secondary Regional States. International Studies, v.57, n.1, p.20-50, 2020.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D.; ZHANG, Z. Football and national power: a theoretical framework applied to China and Argentina. Estudos Internacionais, v.6, n.3, p.26-46, 2018.
MÜLLER, M.; STEYAERT, C. The geopolitics of organizing mega-events. In: MUNOZ, J.M. (ed.). Handbook on the geopolitics of business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. Cap.10, p.139-150.
MURRAY, S. The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, v.23, n.3, p.576–592, 2012.
MURRAY, S. Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION. 中国足球中长期发展规划 2016-2050年 [The Medium and Long-Term Development Plan of Chinese Football (2016–2050)]. 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会, 11 abr. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201604/W020190905516887033844.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
OZANIAN, M. The world’s most valuable soccer teams 2019: Real Madrid is back on top, at $4.24 billion. Forbes, 29 maio. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2019/05/29/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2019/#486b6fe040d6> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
PENG, Q.; SKINNER, J.; HOULIHAN, B. An analysis of the Chinese Football Reform of 2015: why then and not earlier? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, vol.11, n.1, p.1-18, 2019.
RAVENEL, L.; POLI, R.; BESSON, R. Les footballeurs expatriés dans le monde. Géographie et cultures, n.104, p.37-56, 2017.
RIORDAN, J. The Rise and Fall of Soviet Olympic Champions. Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies, v.2, p.25-44, 1993. Disponível em: <https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll10/id/4145/rec/1> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
ROCHA, A.; MORALES RUVALCABA, D. El poder nacional-internacional de los Estados. Una propuesta transestructural. Geopolítica(s), v.9, n.1, p.137–169, 2018.
ROCHA, A.; MORALES RUVALCABA, D. Potencias medias y potencias regionales en el Sistema Político Internacional: Dos modelos teóricos. Geopolítica(s), v.1, n.2, p.251-279, 2010. Disponível em: <http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GEOP/article/view/36329/35196> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
ROSE, G. Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, v.51, n.1, p.144-172, 1998.
SCHWELLER, R.L. Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Under-balancing. International Security, v.29, n.2, p.159–201, 2004.
SHIYAO, X. China to deepen football reform under new leadership. Xinhua News, 22 ago. 2019. Disponível em: <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/22/c_138329033.htm> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
SHOBE, H. Place, identity and football: Catalonia, Catalanisme and Football Club Barcelona, 1899–1975. National Identities, v.10, n.3, p.329-343, 2008.
SODUPE, K. La estructura de poder del Sistema Internacional. Del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la Posguerra Fría. Madrid: Fundamentos, 2002.
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PRC. 中国足球改革发展总体方案 [The Overall Chinese Football Reform and Development Programme]. 中华人民共和国国务院, 16 mar. 2015. Disponível em: <www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-03/16/content_9537.htm> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
SULLIVAN, J.; CHADWICK, S.; GOW, M. China’s Football Dream: Sport, Citizenship, Symbolic Power, and Civic Spaces. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v.43, n.6, p.493-514, 2019.
TAN, T.-C.; HUANG, H.-C.; BAIRNER, A.; CHEN, Y.-W. Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.33, n.12, p.1449–1465, 2016.
TRANSFERMARKT. Most valuable players. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.transfermarkt.com/marktwertetop/wertvollstespieler#> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
UNDERWOOD, J. The Tokyo Games. Sports Ilustrated. 5 oct. 1964. p.34-41. Disponível em: <https://vault.si.com/vault/1964/10/05/the-tokyo-games> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
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BARNARD, M.; BOOR, S.; WINN, C.; WOOD, C.; WRAY, I. World in motion: Annual Review of Football Finance 2019. Deloitte. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-annual-review-of-football-finance-2019.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
BURTON, C. ‘Fewer teams, less tournaments but no Super League’ – FIFA president Infantino on coronavirus reform. Goal.com, 23 mar. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.goal.com/en/news/fewer-teams-less-tournaments-but-no-super-league-fifa/1kw7nebi5663f1ek345mcz8fjj> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
CHEN, C.; ZHENG, Y. 筑梦足球2016系列报道 (五弹连发). Sohu.com. 22 dec. 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.sohu.com/a/122285352_488003> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
CIES FOOTBALL OBSERVATORY. Atlas of migration, 3 feb. 2020. Disponível em: <https://football-observatory.com/IMG/sites/atlasmigr/> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
D’AGATI, P.A. Surrogate war: politics of conflict in sports and space. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.10, n.3, p.451-467, 2018.
DE BOSSCHER, V.; SHIBLI, S.; WESTERBEEK, H.; VAN BOTTENBURG, M. Successful elite sport policies: an international comparison of the sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2015.
DE RYCKE, J.; DE BOSSCHER, V. Mapping the potential societal impacts triggered by elite sport: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.11, n.3, p.485-502, 2019.
DELOITTE. 中超联赛: 2018商业价值评估白皮书. 德勤科技, 传媒和电信行业. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-csl-2018-performance-review-zh-190318.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
EU SME CENTRE. The Football Industry in China. 2019. Disponível em: <http://ccilc.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/eu_sme_centre_-_the_football_industry_in_china_clean.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
FIFA. FIFA TMS Global Transfer Market 2017: record international transfers in 2016. Fifa.com, 27 jan. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-tms-global-transfer-market-2017-record-international-transfers-in-2865353> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
FIFA. FIFA men's ranking. Fifa.com, 9 abr. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank/id12882/> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
GIULIANOTTI, R. Football: A sociology of the global game. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999.
GREEN, M.; OAKLEY, B. Elite sport development systems and playing to win: Uniformity and diversity in international approaches. Leisure Studies, v.20, n.4, p.247–267, 2001.
GREGORY, B. American public diplomacy: enduring characteristics, elusive transformation. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, v.6, n.3-4, p.351–372, 2011.
GRIX, J.; BRANNAGAN, P. M. Of mechanisms and myths: Conceptualizing states’ ‘soft power’ strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy and Statecraft, v.27, n.2, p.251–272, 2016.
GRIX, J.; CARMICHAEL, F. Why do governments invest in elite sports? A polemic. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.4, n.1, p.73-90, 2012.
GRIX, J.; BRANNAGAN, P. M.; HOULIHAN, B. Interrogating States’ Soft Power Strategies: A Case Study of Sports Mega-Events in Brazil and the UK. Global Society, v,29, n.3, p.463-479, 2015.
GÜNDOĞAN, I.; SONNTAG, A. Chinese Football in the Era of Xi Jinping: What do Supporters Think? Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, v.47, n.1, p.103–141, 2018.
HALLINAN, C.; HEENAN, T. Australia, Asia and the new football opportunity. Soccer & Society, v.14, n.5, p.751-767, 2013.
HONG, F. China. In: HOULIHAN, B.; GREEN, M. (eds.). Comparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Cap.2, p.26-52.
HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. Sport and Politics in the 1980s: The Olympic Strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.29, n.1, p.74-97, 2012.
HOULIHAN, B. The Government and Politics of Sport. London: Routledge, 1991.
HU, X.; HENRY, I. Reform and maintenance of Juguo Tizhi: governmental management discourse of Chinese elite sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, v.17, n.4, p.531-553, 2017.
IFFHS. IFFHS awards – The strongest national league in the world 2019. Iffhs.de, 13 jan. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.iffhs.de/index.php/posts/58> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
JEDLICKA, S. Sport governance as global governance: theoretical perspectives on sport in the international system. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v.10, n.2, p.287–304, 2017.
JINXIA, D.; MANGAN, J. A. Football in the new China: Political statement, entrepreneurial enticement and patriotic passion. Soccer & Society, v.2, n.3, p.79-100, 2001.
KISSOUDI, P. Sport, politics and international relations in the twentieth century. International Journal of the History of Sport, v.25, n.13, p.1689–1706, 2008.
KSI. Why has Icelandic football been so successful recently?. KSI media office. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.ksi.is/library/contentfiles/Why%20is%20Icelandic%20football%20so%20successful%20recently%202018%20upd.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
LEITE JUNIOR, E.; RODRIGUES, C. Belt, Road and Ball: Football as a Chinese Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Tool. In: LEANDRO, F. S. B. S.; DUARTE, P. A. B. (eds.). The Belt and Road Initiative: An Old Archetype of a New Development Model. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. Cap.4, p. 61-83.
LI, L. Understanding China’s School Football Fever in the Post-Beijing Olympic Era, 2009–2016: Policy and Practice. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.34, n.17-18, p.1898-1914, 2018.
LOBMEYER, H.; WEIDINGER, L. Commercialism as a Dominant Factor in the American Sports Scene: Sources, Developments, Perspectives. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v.27, n.4, p.309-329, 1992.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D. Semi-core states: A new category for rethinking the structure of power. Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations, v.8, n.15, p.131-158, 2019.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D.. The Semiperipheral States in the Twenty-first Century: Measuring the Structural Position of Regional Powers and Secondary Regional States. International Studies, v.57, n.1, p.20-50, 2020.
MORALES RUVALCABA, D.; ZHANG, Z. Football and national power: a theoretical framework applied to China and Argentina. Estudos Internacionais, v.6, n.3, p.26-46, 2018.
MÜLLER, M.; STEYAERT, C. The geopolitics of organizing mega-events. In: MUNOZ, J.M. (ed.). Handbook on the geopolitics of business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. Cap.10, p.139-150.
MURRAY, S. The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, v.23, n.3, p.576–592, 2012.
MURRAY, S. Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION. 中国足球中长期发展规划 2016-2050年 [The Medium and Long-Term Development Plan of Chinese Football (2016–2050)]. 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会, 11 abr. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201604/W020190905516887033844.pdf> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
OZANIAN, M. The world’s most valuable soccer teams 2019: Real Madrid is back on top, at $4.24 billion. Forbes, 29 maio. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2019/05/29/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2019/#486b6fe040d6> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
PENG, Q.; SKINNER, J.; HOULIHAN, B. An analysis of the Chinese Football Reform of 2015: why then and not earlier? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, vol.11, n.1, p.1-18, 2019.
RAVENEL, L.; POLI, R.; BESSON, R. Les footballeurs expatriés dans le monde. Géographie et cultures, n.104, p.37-56, 2017.
RIORDAN, J. The Rise and Fall of Soviet Olympic Champions. Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies, v.2, p.25-44, 1993. Disponível em: <https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll10/id/4145/rec/1> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
ROCHA, A.; MORALES RUVALCABA, D. El poder nacional-internacional de los Estados. Una propuesta transestructural. Geopolítica(s), v.9, n.1, p.137–169, 2018.
ROCHA, A.; MORALES RUVALCABA, D. Potencias medias y potencias regionales en el Sistema Político Internacional: Dos modelos teóricos. Geopolítica(s), v.1, n.2, p.251-279, 2010. Disponível em: <http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GEOP/article/view/36329/35196> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
ROSE, G. Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, v.51, n.1, p.144-172, 1998.
SCHWELLER, R.L. Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Under-balancing. International Security, v.29, n.2, p.159–201, 2004.
SHIYAO, X. China to deepen football reform under new leadership. Xinhua News, 22 ago. 2019. Disponível em: <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/22/c_138329033.htm> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
SHOBE, H. Place, identity and football: Catalonia, Catalanisme and Football Club Barcelona, 1899–1975. National Identities, v.10, n.3, p.329-343, 2008.
SODUPE, K. La estructura de poder del Sistema Internacional. Del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la Posguerra Fría. Madrid: Fundamentos, 2002.
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PRC. 中国足球改革发展总体方案 [The Overall Chinese Football Reform and Development Programme]. 中华人民共和国国务院, 16 mar. 2015. Disponível em: <www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-03/16/content_9537.htm> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
SULLIVAN, J.; CHADWICK, S.; GOW, M. China’s Football Dream: Sport, Citizenship, Symbolic Power, and Civic Spaces. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, v.43, n.6, p.493-514, 2019.
TAN, T.-C.; HUANG, H.-C.; BAIRNER, A.; CHEN, Y.-W. Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v.33, n.12, p.1449–1465, 2016.
TRANSFERMARKT. Most valuable players. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.transfermarkt.com/marktwertetop/wertvollstespieler#> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
UNDERWOOD, J. The Tokyo Games. Sports Ilustrated. 5 oct. 1964. p.34-41. Disponível em: <https://vault.si.com/vault/1964/10/05/the-tokyo-games> Acesso em 10 jul. 2020.
WALLERSTEIN, I. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
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Publicado
2022-01-10
Cómo citar
Pulleiro Méndez, C. (2022). Relaciones Internacionales y fútbol: Límites y posibilidades para que China se convierta en una potencia global del fútbol en 2050. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De Relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 9(4), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p7-24
Número
Sección
Special Issue: China
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