After the Brahimi Report
doctrinal culture, practical developments and the new and remaining challenges of UN peace operations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2022v10n3p70-87Parole chiave:
Peace operations, Brahimi report, Stabilization, Doctrinal cultureAbstract
The article analyses the advances, setbacks, and new and remaining challenges in the implementation of the Brahimi Report’s (2000) recommendations 20 years after its publication. Because of the innovations it proposed, the document is considered a milestone in the consolidation of a doctrinal culture of UN peace operations. However, we argue that the deployment of stabilisation operations, aimed at providing task-forces to support national authorities in neutralising non-state armed groups, undermines the Report’s guidelines and exacerbate intricate issues already identified in it. We discuss stabilisation to evidence how it is at odds with the doctrinal culture established before, creates new, and accentuates remaining challenges for peace operations. Methodologically, the article is based on an analysis of UN official documents to understand peace operations’ normative and practical adaptation in recent years.
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Riferimenti bibliografici
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DUARTE, G; CARVALHO, L; SOUZA, M; BALESTRINI, A. “It may look like war, but it’s peacekeeping”: a MINUSMA e o Processo de Paz no Mali. Conjuntura Internacional, Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 1, p. 28-40, 2019.
ESTEVES, P.; CARVALHO, L. A Libéria e a construção do nexo entre segurança e desenvolvimento. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 54, n. 2, p. 22-45, 2011.
FISH, E. Inaction in Syria is ‘The single greatest diplomatic failure of our times’. Asia Society, 30 set. 2016. Disponível em: https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/un-inaction-syria-single-greatest-diplomatic-failure-our-times. Acesso em 15 jan. 2021.
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WELSH, J. M. The Responsibility to Protect after Libya & Syria. Dædalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, v. 145, n. 4, p. 75-87, 2016.
WILLIAMS, P. The Security Council’s Peacekeeping Trilemma. International Affairs, v. 96, n. 2, p. 479–499, 2020.
BOUTELLIS, A. Hostile Forces: Cruz Report Risks Distracting from Strategic Context. International Peace Institute Global Observatory, New York, 05 fev. 2018. Disponível em: https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/02/cruz-report-strategic-context/. Acesso em 26 fev. 2021.
BOUTELLIS, A; CONNOLLY, L. The State of UN Peace Operations Reform: An Implementation Scorecard. International Peace Institute Global Observatory, New York, nov. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IPI-Rpt-State-of-UN-Peace-Ops.pdf. Acesso em 26 fev. 2021.
CALL, C. T; COOK, S. E. On Democratization and Peacebuilding. Global Governance, v. 9, n.2, p. 233-246, 2003.
DE CONING, C. The future of UN peace operations: Principled adaptation through phases of contraction, moderation, and renewal. Contemporary Security Policy, v. 42, n. 2, p. 211-224, 2021.
DE CONING, C; KARLSRUD, J; AOI, C. Addressing the Emerging Gap between Concepts, Doctrine and Practice in UN Peacekeeping Operations. In: DE CONING, C; KARLSRUD, J; AOI, C. UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era: Adapting to Stabilisation, Protection and New Threats. London: Routledge, 2017, p. 1-30.
DEPARTMENT OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS; DEPARTMENT OF FIELD SUPPORT. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines. United Nations, New York, 18 jan. 2008. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf. Acesso em 15 jan. 2021.
DUARTE, G; CARVALHO, L; SOUZA, M; BALESTRINI, A. “It may look like war, but it’s peacekeeping”: a MINUSMA e o Processo de Paz no Mali. Conjuntura Internacional, Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 1, p. 28-40, 2019.
ESTEVES, P.; CARVALHO, L. A Libéria e a construção do nexo entre segurança e desenvolvimento. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 54, n. 2, p. 22-45, 2011.
FISH, E. Inaction in Syria is ‘The single greatest diplomatic failure of our times’. Asia Society, 30 set. 2016. Disponível em: https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/un-inaction-syria-single-greatest-diplomatic-failure-our-times. Acesso em 15 jan. 2021.
GUERRA, L; BLANCO, R. MINUSTAH como Missão Civilizatória: Análise da Política Internacional para a Estabilização do Haiti. Revista de Estudos Internacionais, v.8, n.3, p. 259-275, 2017.
HAMANN, E; ABDENUR, A. O futuro das operações de manutenção da paz das Nações Unidas: uma perspectiva brasileira (implementação do relatório HIPPO). Nota Estratégica 25. Instituto Igarapé, mar. 2017. Disponível em: https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/NE-25_Hippo_PT-26-06.pdf. Acesso em 21 fev. 2021.
HOWARD, L. Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
HOWARD, L.; DAYAL, A. The use of force in UN Peacekeeping. International Organization, v. 72, n. 3, p. 71-103, 2017.
HUNT, C. All necessary means to what ends? the unintended consequences of the robust turn in UN peace operations. International Peacekeeping, v. 24, n. 1, p. 108-131, 2017.
KARLSRUD, J. The UN at War: Peace Operations in a New Era. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
KARLSRUD, J. UN Peace Operations, Terrorism, and Violent Extremism. In: DE CONING, C.; PETER, M. United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, p.153-167.
KENKEL, K. Five generations of peace operations: from the ‘thin blue line’ to ‘painting a country blue’. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 56, n.1, p. 122-143, 2013.
KING, E.; MATTHEWS, R. A New Agenda for Peace: 20 Years Later. International Journal, v. 67, n.2, p. 275-93, 2012.
MAYALL, J. Introduction. In: BERDAL, M; ECONOMIDES, S. United Nations Interventionism: 1991-2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
PETER, M. Peacekeeping: Resilience of an Idea. In: DE CONING, C.; PETER, M. United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, p. 25-44.
OSLAND, K.; PETER, M. UN peace operations in a multipolar order: Building peace through the rule of law and bottom-up approaches. Contemporary Security Policy, v. 42, n. 2, p. 197-210, 2021.
SOUZA, M.; MENDES, C. Building peace through the nexus between security, democracy and development: a critical assessment of the United Nations mission in Liberia. Revista de Paz y Conflictos, v. 13, n. 1, p. 73-98, 2020.
THAKUR, R.; SCHNABEL, A. Cascading generations of peacekeeping: Across the Mogadishu line to Kosovo and Timor. In: THAKUR, R.; SCHNABEL, A. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement. New York: United Nations University Press, 2001, p. 3-25.
TULL, D. The limits and unintended consequences of UN peace enforcement: the Force Intervention Brigade in DR Congo. International Peacekeeping, v. 25, n. 2, p. 167-190, 2018.
UNITED NATIONS. An Agenda for Peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping. A/47/277 - S/24111. New York: United Nations, 1992.
UNITED NATIONS. Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects. New York: United Nations, 2000. Disponível em: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/55/305. Acesso em 11 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Uniting our Strengths for Peace – Politics, Partnership and People: Report of the High-Level Panel on Peace Operations. A/70/95–S/2015/446. New York: United Nations, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2015/446. Acesso em 11 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: we need to change the way we are doing business. Independent Report. 2017. Disponível em: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/improving_security_of_united_nations_peacekeepers_report.pdf. Acesso em 11 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Action for Peacekeeping: Declaration of Shared Commitments on UN Peacekeeping Operations. New York: United Nations, 2019. Disponível em: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/a4p-declaration-en.pdf. Acesso em 11 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING. Peacekeeping Operations Fact Sheet 2019. Disponível em: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_factsheet_12_2019_english_3.pdf. Acesso em 15 jan. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. Resolution 2098 (2013). New York: United Nations, 2013a. Disponível em: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/2098. Acesso em 13 mar. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. Resolution 2100 (2013). New York: United Nations, 2013b. Disponível em: https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/mali_2100_e_.pdf. Acesso em 13 mar. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL Resolution 2149 (2014). New York: United Nations, 2014. Disponível em: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2149(2014). Acesso em 01 out. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. The Security Council and UN Peace Operations: Reform and Deliver. Security Council Report, Research Report 2, 5 mai. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/research_report_peace_operations_may_2016.pdf. Acesso em 21 fev. 2021.
UN PEACEKEEPING. Global Peacekeeping Data. 2020. Disponível em: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data. Acesso em 23 mar. 2021.
UPPSALA CONFLICT DATA PROGRAM. Disponível em: https://ucdp.uu.se/. Acesso em 15 jan. 2021.
VAN DER LIJN, J.; SMIT, T. Peacekeepers under threat? Fatality trends in UN peace operations. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Policy Brief, September, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/misc/SIPRIPB1509.pdf. Acesso em 15 mar. 2021.
WELSH, J. M. The Responsibility to Protect after Libya & Syria. Dædalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, v. 145, n. 4, p. 75-87, 2016.
WILLIAMS, P. The Security Council’s Peacekeeping Trilemma. International Affairs, v. 96, n. 2, p. 479–499, 2020.
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Pubblicato
2023-07-23
Come citare
Carvalho, L., Duarte, G. R., & Souza, M. de A. C. . (2023). After the Brahimi Report: doctrinal culture, practical developments and the new and remaining challenges of UN peace operations. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 10(3), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2022v10n3p70-87
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