THE CONCEPT OF ṚṆA (DEBT) IN HINDUISM Swami Vivekananda and the ethics of non-duality (advaita)
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Abstract
In the context of Indological studies, the criticism of the German orientalist Paul Hacker to the ethical-moral interpretations of the non-dual ontology (advaita) of Vedānta school, presented to the West by the Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), is well known. The purpose of this article is to highlight, through the analysis of foundational textualities of Hinduism, the intrinsic and inevitable compatibility between the ontology of non-duality and the ethical-moral platform that informs Hindu traditions in general. In this sense, the article analyzes, in detail, the so-called “doctrine of the three debts” that involves, in the context of Western terminology, a polysemic normative ethics and a meta-ethics. With this, it becomes also evident the inadequacy of the derogatory expression “Neo-Vedānta”, attributed by Paul Hacker to the hermeneutics of the Vedānta school by Swami Vivekananda.
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