Geo-economics and the Hub and Spokes system
the Japanese case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n3p33-52Keywords:
Japan, geo-economics, hub and spokes, bilateralism, international trade, econonomic integrationAbstract
This paper examines the reasons why Japan has been building a foreign trade policy based on a hub-and-spokes system. It will be argued that trade efficiency and exports promotion are assumptions that need a broader reconsideration through a geo-economics approach. What defines Japan’s pursuit of several bilateral trade agreements is assuring its relative economic hegemony whilst changes in the world balance of power are taking place. As Japan faces an uncertain and unforeseeable future, it needs to strengthen its trade policy to guarantee access to international markets. Japan’s trade policy goes beyond the efficiency scope and it entails a geo-economics elucidation.
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References
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BERRIOS, R. Peru and Japan: an uneasy relationship. Canadian Association of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, v. 30, n. 59, p. 93-129, 2005.
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BROWN, D. K.; KIYOTA, K. & STERN, R. M. Computational Analysis of the Menu of US-Japan Trade Policies. World Economy, v. 29, n. 6, p. 805-855, 2006.
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CAO, J. The consideration of a Hub-and-Spoke status in FTA formation. Bulletin of Economic Research, v. 67, n. 4, p. 382-392, 2015.
CHENG-CHWEE, K. Multilateralism in China's ASEAN Policy: Its Evolution, Characteristics, and Aspiration. Contemporary Southeast Asia, v. 27, n. 1, p. 102-122, 2005.
CHIRATHIVAT, S. & MALLIKAMAS, S. Thailand's FTA Strategy: Current Development and Future Challenges. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 21, n.1, p. 37-53, 2004.
COWEN, D. & SMITH, N. After Geopolitics? From the Geopolitical Social to Geoeconomics. Antipode, v. 41, n. 1, p. 22-48, 2009.
DAS, G. G. & ANDRIAMANANJARA, S. Hub-and-Spokes Free Trade Agreements in the Presence of Technology Spillovers: An Application to the Western Hemisphere. Review of World Economics, v. 142, n. 1, p. 33-66, 2006.
DE LA REZA, G. Integración regional vs. integración bilateral: el caso del sistema eje-rayos de México. IMEA-UNILA, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-29, 2014.
DE BENEDICTIS, L.; DE SANTIS, R. & VICARELLI, C. Hub-and-Spoke or else? Free trade agreements in the ‘enlarged’ European Union. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 2, p. 2, p. 245-260, 2005.
DELTAS, G.; DESMET, K. & FACCHINI, G. Hub-and-spoke free trade areas: theory and evidence from Israel. The Canadian Journal of Economics, v. 45, n. 3, p. 942-977, 2012.
DINGEMANS, A. East Asia: Chile’s Missed Opportunity? East Asia, v. 31, p. 1, p. 67-91, 2014.
ENDERS, A. & WONNACOTT, R. J. The Liberalisation of East-West European Trade: Hubs, Spokes and Further Complications. World Economy, v. 19, p. 3, p. 253-272, 1996.
FRENKEL, M. & WALTER, B. The EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement: Relevance, Content and Policy Implications. Intereconomics, v. 52, p. 6, p. 358-363, 2017.
GALLAGHER, K. P. Understanding Developing Country Resistance to the Doha Round. Review of International Political Economy, v. 15, n. 1, p. 62-85, 2008.
GAURAV, K. & BHARTI, N. India–Japan CEPA: What RCA Index Reveals for Trade in Services? Foreign Trade Review, v. 53, n. 3, p. 189-203, 2018.
GIACALONE, R. Geopolítica y geoeconomía en el proceso globalizador. Bogotá: Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2016.
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HATCH, W. Regionalizing the State: Japanese Administrative and Financial Guidance for Asia. Social Science Japan Journal, v. 5, n. 2, p. 179-197, 2002.
HATCH, W. & YAMAMURA, K. Asia in Japan's Embrace. Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
HAYAKAWA, K. & MATSUURA, T. FTA Use in Export-Platform FDI: Evidence from Exports to China by Japanese Affiliates in ASEAN. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, v. 34, n. 2, p. 266-282, 2017.
HILPERT, H. The Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement—economic potentials and policy perspectives. Asia Europe Journal, v. 16, n. 4, p. 439-447, 2018.
HOLSLAG, J. Geoeconomics in a globalized world: the case of China’s export policy. Asia Europe Journal, v. 14, n. 2, p. 173-184, 2015.
HORAGUCHI, H. H. Economic Analysis of Free Trade Agreements: Spaghetti Bowl Effect and a Paradox of Hub and Spoke Network. Journal of Economic Integration, v. 22, n. 3, p. 664-683, 2007.
HUR, J.; ALBA, J. D. & PARK, D. Effects of Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements on Trade: A Panel Data Analysis. World Development, v. 38, n.8, p. 1105–1113, 2010.
JAIN, P. Japan–India Relations: Peaks and Troughs. The Round Table, v. 99, n. 409, p. 403–412, 2010.
KAPUR, D. & SURI, M. Geoeconomics Versus Geopolitics: Implications for Asia. In: KAUR, I. N. & SINGH, N. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of the Pacific Rim. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
KAWAI, M. & WIGNARAJA, G. Patterns of Free Trade Areas in Asia. Policy Studies, n.65, p. 1-76, 2013.
KAWASHIMA, S. Toward China's “Hub and Spokes” in Southeast Asia? – Diplomacy during the Hu Jintao and First Xi Jinping Administrations. Asia-Pacific Review, v. 24, n. 2, p. 64-90, 2017.
KERBER, V. El sol naciente de Vicente Fox. México y Japón 2000-2006. Foro Internacional, v. 48, n. 1/2, p. 352-374, 2008.
KIM, D. J. The Perils of Geoeconomics. The Washington Quarterly, v. 42, n.1, p. 153-170, 2019.
LEE, J.; PARK, I. & SHIN, K. Proliferating Regional Trade Arrangements: Why and Whither? World Economy, v. 31, n. 12, p. 1525-1557, 2008.
LIPSEY, R. Canada at the U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Dance: Wallflower or Partner? Commentary, n. 20, p. 2-16, 1990.
LLOYD, P. J. & MACLAREN, D. Gains and Losses from Regional Trading Agreements: A Survey. Economic Record, v. 80, n. 251, p. 445-467, 2004.
LUONG, D. T. H. Vietnam–Japan Relations in the Context of Building an East Asian Community. Asia-Pacific Review, v. 16, n. 1, p. 100-130, 2009.
LUTTWAK, E. From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, n. 20, p. 17-23, 1990.
MANGER, M. Competition and Bilateralism in Trade Policy: The Case of Japan's Free Trade Agreements. Review of International Political Economy, v. 12, n. 5, p. 804-828, 2005.
MD. KHALID, K. Malaysia's Foreign Policy under Najib: A Comparison with Mahathir. Asian Survey, v. 51, n. 3, p. 429-452, 2011.
MUKUNOKI, H. & TACHI, K. Multilateralism and Hub-and-Spoke Bilateralism. Review of International Economics, v. 14, n. 4, p. 658–674, 2006.
PARK, Y. C. & YOO, J. H. More Free Trade Areas: a Korean Perspective. In: SCHOTT, J. J. Free Trade Areas and U.S. Trade Policy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1989.
PEKKANEN, S. M.; SOLIS, M. & KATADA, S. N. Trading Gains for Control: International Trade Forums and Japanese Economic Diplomacy. International Studies Quarterly, v. 51, n. 4, p. 945-970, 2007.
PURBA, K. Sensitivity and Japan-Indonesia ties. Japan Quarterly, v. 48, n. 2, p. 50-55, 2001.
RAHMAN, K. M.; MOLLA, R. I. & MURAD, M. W. Japan-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement: Expectations and Achievements. Journal of Comparative International Management, v. 11, n. 1, p. 29-42, 2008.
SATO, T. Economic Relations between India and Japan. Eurasian Geography and Economics, v. 53, n. 4, p. 457-478, 2012.
SCEKIC, R.; DRASKOVIC, M. & DELIBASIC, M. Neoliberalism in geoeconomics: the case of Southeast Europe. Journal of International Studies, v. 9, n. 1, p. 66-75, 2016.
SCHOLVIN, S. & WIGELL, M. Power politics by economic means: Geoeconomics as an analytical approach and foreign policy practice. Comparative Strategy, v. 37, n. 1, p. 73-84, 2018.
SEKI, T. A Japan-India front. Far Eastern Economic Review, v. 163, n. 21, p. 38, 2000.
SEN, R. & SRIVASTAVA, S. ASEAN's Bilateral Preferential Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreements: Implications for Asian Economic Integration. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 26, n. 2, p. 194-214, 2009.
SENGUPTA, R. India's FTA Choices Get More Ambitious. Economic and Political Weekly, v. 46, n. 26/27, p. 18-22, 2011.
SINGH, B.; TEO, S.; HO, S. & TSJENG, H. Contending visions of East Asian regional order: insights from the United States, China, Japan, and Indonesia. Asian Affairs: An American Review, v. 46, n. 1, p. 19-41, 2019.
SODERBERG, M. Introduction: where is the EU–Japan relationship heading? Japan Forum, v. 24, n. 3, p. 249-263, 2012.
SOLIS, M. & KATADA, S. N. The Japan-Mexico FTA: A Cross-Regional Step in the Path towards Asian Regionalism. Pacific Affairs, v. 80, n. 2, p. 279-301, 2007.
STUBBS, R. US-Japanese trade relations: the ASEAN dimension. In: MENDL, W.
Japan in South East Asia. Oxford: Routledge, 2001.
TALERNGSRI, P. & VONKHORPORN, P. Trade Policy in Thailand: Pursuing a Dual Track Approach. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 22, n. 1, p. 60-74, 2005.
TERADA, T. The Japan- Australia partnership in the era of East Asian Community: can they advance together? In: PANGESTU, M. & SONG, L. Japan's future in East Asia and the Pacific. Canberra: ANU Press, 2007.
VAN DE HAAR, E. Philippine Trade Policy and the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA). Contemporary Southeast Asia, v. 33, n. 1, p. 113-139, 2011.
WONG, J. & CHAN, S. China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Shaping Future Economic Relations. Asian Survey, v. 43, n. 3, p. 507-526, 2003.
WONNACOTT, R. J. Canada’s Future in a World of Trade Blocks: A Proposal. Canadian Public Policy, v. 1, p. 1, p. 118 – 130, 1975.
WONNACOTT, R. J. The Economics of Overlapping Free Trade Areas and the Mexican Challenge. Toronto: Canadian-American Committee, 1991.
WONNACOTT, R. J. Trade and Investment in a Hub‐and‐Spoke System Versus a Free Trade Area. World Economy, v. 19, n. 3, p. 237-252, 1996.
WONNACOTT, R. J. & Carsten KOWALCZYK. Hubs and Spokes, and Free Trade in the Americas. NBER Working Paper series, Working Paper No. 4198, 1992.
YEH, E. T. Introduction: The geoeconomics and geopolitics of Chinese development and investment in Asia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, v. 57, n. 3, p. 275-285, 2016.
YILDIZ, H. M. Hub and spoke trade agreements under oligopoly with asymmetric costs. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, v. 23, n. 1, p. 97-110, 2014.
YOSHIMATSU, H. Japan's Keidanren and Free Trade Agreements: Societal Interests and Trade Policy. Asian Survey, v. 45, n. 2, p. 258-278, 2005.
YOSHIMATSU, H. Japan's quest for free trade agreements constraints from bureaucratic and interest group politics. In: PANGESTU, M. & SONG, L. Japan's future in East Asia and the Pacific. Canberra: ANU Press, 2007.
YOSHIMATSU, H. & ZILTENER, P. Japan's FTA Strategy toward Highly Developed Countries: Comparing Australia's and Switzerland's Experiences, 2000–09. Asian Survey, v. 50, n. 6, p. 1058-1081, 2010.
ANDO, M. & URATA, S. Impacts of Japan's FTAs on Trade: The cases of FTAs with Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. RIETI Discussion Paper Series 15-E-104, p. 1-41, 2015.
BARU, S. India and the World: A Geoeconomics Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, v.48, n. 6, p. 37-41, 2013.
BENZ, S. & YALCIN, E. Productivity Versus Employment: Quantifying the Economic Effects of an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement. The World Economy, v. 38, n. 6, p. 935-961, 2015.
BERRIOS, R. Peru and Japan: an uneasy relationship. Canadian Association of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, v. 30, n. 59, p. 93-129, 2005.
BLACKWILL, R. D. & HARRIS, J. M. War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
BROWN, D. K.; KIYOTA, K. & STERN, R. M. Computational Analysis of the Menu of US-Japan Trade Policies. World Economy, v. 29, n. 6, p. 805-855, 2006.
CALVO, A. ¿Geoeconomía frente a crecimiento económico? El control de las exportaciones de tecnología avanzada en la guerra fría: una aportación desde un país semiperiférico (España). Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, v. 23, n. 1230, p. 1-36, 2018.
CAO, J. The consideration of a Hub-and-Spoke status in FTA formation. Bulletin of Economic Research, v. 67, n. 4, p. 382-392, 2015.
CHENG-CHWEE, K. Multilateralism in China's ASEAN Policy: Its Evolution, Characteristics, and Aspiration. Contemporary Southeast Asia, v. 27, n. 1, p. 102-122, 2005.
CHIRATHIVAT, S. & MALLIKAMAS, S. Thailand's FTA Strategy: Current Development and Future Challenges. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 21, n.1, p. 37-53, 2004.
COWEN, D. & SMITH, N. After Geopolitics? From the Geopolitical Social to Geoeconomics. Antipode, v. 41, n. 1, p. 22-48, 2009.
DAS, G. G. & ANDRIAMANANJARA, S. Hub-and-Spokes Free Trade Agreements in the Presence of Technology Spillovers: An Application to the Western Hemisphere. Review of World Economics, v. 142, n. 1, p. 33-66, 2006.
DE LA REZA, G. Integración regional vs. integración bilateral: el caso del sistema eje-rayos de México. IMEA-UNILA, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-29, 2014.
DE BENEDICTIS, L.; DE SANTIS, R. & VICARELLI, C. Hub-and-Spoke or else? Free trade agreements in the ‘enlarged’ European Union. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 2, p. 2, p. 245-260, 2005.
DELTAS, G.; DESMET, K. & FACCHINI, G. Hub-and-spoke free trade areas: theory and evidence from Israel. The Canadian Journal of Economics, v. 45, n. 3, p. 942-977, 2012.
DINGEMANS, A. East Asia: Chile’s Missed Opportunity? East Asia, v. 31, p. 1, p. 67-91, 2014.
ENDERS, A. & WONNACOTT, R. J. The Liberalisation of East-West European Trade: Hubs, Spokes and Further Complications. World Economy, v. 19, p. 3, p. 253-272, 1996.
FRENKEL, M. & WALTER, B. The EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement: Relevance, Content and Policy Implications. Intereconomics, v. 52, p. 6, p. 358-363, 2017.
GALLAGHER, K. P. Understanding Developing Country Resistance to the Doha Round. Review of International Political Economy, v. 15, n. 1, p. 62-85, 2008.
GAURAV, K. & BHARTI, N. India–Japan CEPA: What RCA Index Reveals for Trade in Services? Foreign Trade Review, v. 53, n. 3, p. 189-203, 2018.
GIACALONE, R. Geopolítica y geoeconomía en el proceso globalizador. Bogotá: Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2016.
HANS VAN MEIJL, J. F.; VAN TONGEREN, F & EVENETT, S. J. Trade Liberalization in the Doha Development Round. Economic Policy, v. 20, n. 42, p. 351-391, 2005.
HATCH, W. Regionalizing the State: Japanese Administrative and Financial Guidance for Asia. Social Science Japan Journal, v. 5, n. 2, p. 179-197, 2002.
HATCH, W. & YAMAMURA, K. Asia in Japan's Embrace. Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
HAYAKAWA, K. & MATSUURA, T. FTA Use in Export-Platform FDI: Evidence from Exports to China by Japanese Affiliates in ASEAN. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, v. 34, n. 2, p. 266-282, 2017.
HILPERT, H. The Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement—economic potentials and policy perspectives. Asia Europe Journal, v. 16, n. 4, p. 439-447, 2018.
HOLSLAG, J. Geoeconomics in a globalized world: the case of China’s export policy. Asia Europe Journal, v. 14, n. 2, p. 173-184, 2015.
HORAGUCHI, H. H. Economic Analysis of Free Trade Agreements: Spaghetti Bowl Effect and a Paradox of Hub and Spoke Network. Journal of Economic Integration, v. 22, n. 3, p. 664-683, 2007.
HUR, J.; ALBA, J. D. & PARK, D. Effects of Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements on Trade: A Panel Data Analysis. World Development, v. 38, n.8, p. 1105–1113, 2010.
JAIN, P. Japan–India Relations: Peaks and Troughs. The Round Table, v. 99, n. 409, p. 403–412, 2010.
KAPUR, D. & SURI, M. Geoeconomics Versus Geopolitics: Implications for Asia. In: KAUR, I. N. & SINGH, N. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of the Pacific Rim. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
KAWAI, M. & WIGNARAJA, G. Patterns of Free Trade Areas in Asia. Policy Studies, n.65, p. 1-76, 2013.
KAWASHIMA, S. Toward China's “Hub and Spokes” in Southeast Asia? – Diplomacy during the Hu Jintao and First Xi Jinping Administrations. Asia-Pacific Review, v. 24, n. 2, p. 64-90, 2017.
KERBER, V. El sol naciente de Vicente Fox. México y Japón 2000-2006. Foro Internacional, v. 48, n. 1/2, p. 352-374, 2008.
KIM, D. J. The Perils of Geoeconomics. The Washington Quarterly, v. 42, n.1, p. 153-170, 2019.
LEE, J.; PARK, I. & SHIN, K. Proliferating Regional Trade Arrangements: Why and Whither? World Economy, v. 31, n. 12, p. 1525-1557, 2008.
LIPSEY, R. Canada at the U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Dance: Wallflower or Partner? Commentary, n. 20, p. 2-16, 1990.
LLOYD, P. J. & MACLAREN, D. Gains and Losses from Regional Trading Agreements: A Survey. Economic Record, v. 80, n. 251, p. 445-467, 2004.
LUONG, D. T. H. Vietnam–Japan Relations in the Context of Building an East Asian Community. Asia-Pacific Review, v. 16, n. 1, p. 100-130, 2009.
LUTTWAK, E. From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, n. 20, p. 17-23, 1990.
MANGER, M. Competition and Bilateralism in Trade Policy: The Case of Japan's Free Trade Agreements. Review of International Political Economy, v. 12, n. 5, p. 804-828, 2005.
MD. KHALID, K. Malaysia's Foreign Policy under Najib: A Comparison with Mahathir. Asian Survey, v. 51, n. 3, p. 429-452, 2011.
MUKUNOKI, H. & TACHI, K. Multilateralism and Hub-and-Spoke Bilateralism. Review of International Economics, v. 14, n. 4, p. 658–674, 2006.
PARK, Y. C. & YOO, J. H. More Free Trade Areas: a Korean Perspective. In: SCHOTT, J. J. Free Trade Areas and U.S. Trade Policy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1989.
PEKKANEN, S. M.; SOLIS, M. & KATADA, S. N. Trading Gains for Control: International Trade Forums and Japanese Economic Diplomacy. International Studies Quarterly, v. 51, n. 4, p. 945-970, 2007.
PURBA, K. Sensitivity and Japan-Indonesia ties. Japan Quarterly, v. 48, n. 2, p. 50-55, 2001.
RAHMAN, K. M.; MOLLA, R. I. & MURAD, M. W. Japan-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement: Expectations and Achievements. Journal of Comparative International Management, v. 11, n. 1, p. 29-42, 2008.
SATO, T. Economic Relations between India and Japan. Eurasian Geography and Economics, v. 53, n. 4, p. 457-478, 2012.
SCEKIC, R.; DRASKOVIC, M. & DELIBASIC, M. Neoliberalism in geoeconomics: the case of Southeast Europe. Journal of International Studies, v. 9, n. 1, p. 66-75, 2016.
SCHOLVIN, S. & WIGELL, M. Power politics by economic means: Geoeconomics as an analytical approach and foreign policy practice. Comparative Strategy, v. 37, n. 1, p. 73-84, 2018.
SEKI, T. A Japan-India front. Far Eastern Economic Review, v. 163, n. 21, p. 38, 2000.
SEN, R. & SRIVASTAVA, S. ASEAN's Bilateral Preferential Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreements: Implications for Asian Economic Integration. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 26, n. 2, p. 194-214, 2009.
SENGUPTA, R. India's FTA Choices Get More Ambitious. Economic and Political Weekly, v. 46, n. 26/27, p. 18-22, 2011.
SINGH, B.; TEO, S.; HO, S. & TSJENG, H. Contending visions of East Asian regional order: insights from the United States, China, Japan, and Indonesia. Asian Affairs: An American Review, v. 46, n. 1, p. 19-41, 2019.
SODERBERG, M. Introduction: where is the EU–Japan relationship heading? Japan Forum, v. 24, n. 3, p. 249-263, 2012.
SOLIS, M. & KATADA, S. N. The Japan-Mexico FTA: A Cross-Regional Step in the Path towards Asian Regionalism. Pacific Affairs, v. 80, n. 2, p. 279-301, 2007.
STUBBS, R. US-Japanese trade relations: the ASEAN dimension. In: MENDL, W.
Japan in South East Asia. Oxford: Routledge, 2001.
TALERNGSRI, P. & VONKHORPORN, P. Trade Policy in Thailand: Pursuing a Dual Track Approach. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, v. 22, n. 1, p. 60-74, 2005.
TERADA, T. The Japan- Australia partnership in the era of East Asian Community: can they advance together? In: PANGESTU, M. & SONG, L. Japan's future in East Asia and the Pacific. Canberra: ANU Press, 2007.
VAN DE HAAR, E. Philippine Trade Policy and the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA). Contemporary Southeast Asia, v. 33, n. 1, p. 113-139, 2011.
WONG, J. & CHAN, S. China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Shaping Future Economic Relations. Asian Survey, v. 43, n. 3, p. 507-526, 2003.
WONNACOTT, R. J. Canada’s Future in a World of Trade Blocks: A Proposal. Canadian Public Policy, v. 1, p. 1, p. 118 – 130, 1975.
WONNACOTT, R. J. The Economics of Overlapping Free Trade Areas and the Mexican Challenge. Toronto: Canadian-American Committee, 1991.
WONNACOTT, R. J. Trade and Investment in a Hub‐and‐Spoke System Versus a Free Trade Area. World Economy, v. 19, n. 3, p. 237-252, 1996.
WONNACOTT, R. J. & Carsten KOWALCZYK. Hubs and Spokes, and Free Trade in the Americas. NBER Working Paper series, Working Paper No. 4198, 1992.
YEH, E. T. Introduction: The geoeconomics and geopolitics of Chinese development and investment in Asia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, v. 57, n. 3, p. 275-285, 2016.
YILDIZ, H. M. Hub and spoke trade agreements under oligopoly with asymmetric costs. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, v. 23, n. 1, p. 97-110, 2014.
YOSHIMATSU, H. Japan's Keidanren and Free Trade Agreements: Societal Interests and Trade Policy. Asian Survey, v. 45, n. 2, p. 258-278, 2005.
YOSHIMATSU, H. Japan's quest for free trade agreements constraints from bureaucratic and interest group politics. In: PANGESTU, M. & SONG, L. Japan's future in East Asia and the Pacific. Canberra: ANU Press, 2007.
YOSHIMATSU, H. & ZILTENER, P. Japan's FTA Strategy toward Highly Developed Countries: Comparing Australia's and Switzerland's Experiences, 2000–09. Asian Survey, v. 50, n. 6, p. 1058-1081, 2010.
Published
2021-11-30
How to Cite
Vega, R. (2021). Geo-economics and the Hub and Spokes system: the Japanese case. Estudos Internacionais: International Relations Journal of PUC Minas, 9(3), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n3p33-52
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