The acceleration of the legal and political integration of Hong Kong into the People’s Republic of China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n3p96-113Keywords:
China, Democracy, Hong Kong, Liberalism, Rule of lawAbstract
This article analyzes the process of transition towards authoritarianism that the political system of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has undergone, based on a critical and comparative analysis of the literature and of constitutional regulations and jurisprudence. Although Hong Kong has in the past been considered a semi-democratic hybrid regime, since 2014, civil society mobilizations have led to a hardening of the central government's strategy and the progressive emptying of the rule of law in the autonomous region. This study examines the main factors that explain this evolution: the inconsistency of its constitutional order, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law of the region by the central government, and the adoption of the national security law on 30 June 2020.
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References
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YUEN, S.; CHENG, E. W. Rethinking Contentious Politics in Hong Kong: Change and Continuity. Hong Kong Studies, v. 1, n. 1, p. 7–25, 2018.
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ZHU, H.; CHEN, A. H. Y. The Oath-Taking Cases and the NPCSC Interpretation of 2016: Interface of Common Law and Chinese Law. Hong Kong Law Journal, v. 49, n. 1, p. 381–415, 2019.
BUHI, J. Constitutional Asymmetry in the People’s Republic of China: Struggles for Autonomy Under a Communist Party-State. A Country Study of Constitutional Asymmetry in China. In: POPELIER, P.; SAHADŽIĆ, M. (Org.). . Constitutional Asymmetry in Multinational Federalism: Managing Multinationalism in Multi-tiered Systems. Federalism and Internal Conflicts. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. p. 105–135. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11701-6_5>. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2020.
CASTELLS, M. Redes de indignacion y esperanza: Los movimientos sociales en la era de Internet. Madrid: Alizanza Editorial, 2013.
CHAN, C. Demise of “One Country, Two Systems”? Reflections on the Hong Kong Rendition Saga. Hong Kong Law Journal, v. 49, n. 2, p. 447–458, 2019.
CHAN, E.; CHAN, J. Hong Kong 2007-2017: a backlash in civil society. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, v. 39, n. 2, 2017. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1325637>. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2020.
CHAN, J. A storm of unprecedented ferocity: The shrinking space of the right to political participation, peaceful demonstration, and judicial independence in Hong Kong. International Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 16, n. 2, p. 373–388, 15 jun. 2018.
CHAN, J. M. M.; FU, H. L.; GHAI, Y. Hong Kong’s Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press, HKU, 2000. Disponível em: <http://muse.jhu.edu.inshs.bib.cnrs.fr/book/5649>. Acesso em: 1 mar. 2018.
CHEN, A. H. Y. An Introduction to the Legal System of the People’s Republic of China. Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2018.
CHEN, A. H. Y. The Theory, Constitution and Practice of Autonomy: The Case of Hong Kong. In: OLIVEIRA, J. C.; CARDINAL, P. (Org.). . One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders - Perspectives of Evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009. p. 751–767.
CHENG, E. W.; CHAN, W.-Y. Explaining spontaneous occupation: antecedents, contingencies and spaces in the Umbrella Movement. Social Movements Studies, v. 16, n. 2, p. 222–239, 2016.
CHENG, J. Y. The Emergence of Radical Politics in Hong Kong: Causes and Impact. China Review, v. 14, n. 1, p. 199–232, 30 abr. 2014.
CORCUERA ATIENZA, F. J.; VÍRGALA FORURIA, E.; TAJADURA TEJADA, J. La ilegalización de partidos políticos en las democracias occidentales. Madrid: Dykinson, 2008. . Acesso em: 7 dez. 2018.
FONG, C. H. B. One country, two nationalisms: Center-periphery relations between Mainland China and Hong Kong, 1997-2016. Modern China, v. 43, n. 5, p. 523–556, set. 2017.
HENDERS, S. J. Territoriality, Asymmetry, and Autonomy. Catalonia, Corsica, Hong Kong, and Tibet. [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. . Acesso em: 18 jun. 2019.
HKSAR GOVERNMENT. Report on the Public Consultation on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive in 2017 and for Forming the Legislative Council in 2016. . Hong Kong: [s.n.], 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.2017.gov.hk/en/report/index.html>. Acesso em: 24 jul. 2020.
HUNG, H.; IP, I. Hong Kong’s Democratic Movement and the Making of China’s Offshore Civil Society. Asian Survey, v. 52, n. 3, p. 504–527, 2012.
JING, Q.; QINGFENG, Z. The Dissolution of the Hong Kong National Party: Constitutionality under the ‘Militant Democracy’ Theory. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, v. 7, n. 3, p. 413–434, 1 dez. 2019.
LEE, F. L. F. et al. Hong Kong’s Summer of Uprising: From Anti-Extradition to Anti-Authoritarian Protests. China Review, v. 19, n. 4, p. 1–32, 2019.
LIN, F. Constitutional Law in China. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell, 2010.
LIN, F. The Duty of Hong Kong Courts to Follow the NPCSC’s Interpretation of the Basic Law: Are There Any Limits? Hong Kong Law Journal, v. 48, n. pt.1, p. 167–191, 2018.
LO, S. S.-H. Hong Kong in 2019: Turning Point amid Tensions. Asian Survey, v. 60, n. 1, p. 34–40, 1 fev. 2020.
LO, S. S.-H. Hong Kong’s Indigenous Democracy: Origins, Evolution and Contentions. [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137397133>. Acesso em: 23 jan. 2020. (The Theories, Concepts and Practices of Democracy).
LO, S. S.-H. The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press, HKU, 2008. Disponível em: <http://muse.jhu.edu/book/5789>. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2018.
MAQUIAVELO, N. El Príncipe. Edición electrónica ed. Santiago: Escuela de Filosofía Universidad ARCIS, [S.d.].
MONTILLA MARTOS, J. A. La prohibición de partidos políticos. [S.l.]: Universidad de Almería, 2004. . Acesso em: 7 dez. 2018.
PURBRICK, M. A Report of the 2019 Hong Kong Protests. Asian Affairs, v. 50, n. 4, p. 465–487, 8 ago. 2019.
SCOTT, I. “One country, two systems”: the end of a legitimating ideology? Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, v. 39, n. 2, p. 83–99, 3 abr. 2017.
SUMMERS, T. China’s Hong Kong. Newcastle: Agenda Publishing, 2019.
TAJADURA TEJADA, J. La doctrina del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre la prohibición de partidos políticos. Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado, n. 123, p. 1431–1475, 2008.
TAJADURA TEJADA, J. Partidos políticos y Constitución: un estudio de la LO 6/2002, de 27 de junio, de partidos políticos, y de la STC 48/2003, de 12 de marzo. Madrid: Civitas, 2004. . Acesso em: 7 dez. 2018.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HKSAR. Government statement. Disponível em: <https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/02/P2020070200869.htm?fontSize=1>. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2020.
VÍRGALA FORURIA, E. Lucha antiterrorista e ilegalización de partidos políticos. In: EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO A TRAVÉS DE LA LEGISLACIÓN Y LA JURISPRUDENCIA, 2013, [S.l: s.n.], 2013. p. 303–349. . Acesso em: 7 dez. 2018.
VOGEL, E. F. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press, 2011. Disponível em: <https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/16406694-deng-xioa>. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2020.
YUEN, S. Contesting middle-class civility: place-based collective identity in Hong Kong’s Occupy Mongkok. Social Movement Studies, v. 17, n. 4, p. 393–407, 4 jul. 2018.
YUEN, S.; CHENG, E. W. Rethinking Contentious Politics in Hong Kong: Change and Continuity. Hong Kong Studies, v. 1, n. 1, p. 7–25, 2018.
YUEN, S.; CHUNG, S. Explaining Localism in Post-handover Hong Kong: An Eventful Approach. China Perspectives, v. 2018, n. 2018/3, p. 19–29, 1 set. 2018.
ZHU, H.; CHEN, A. H. Y. The Oath-Taking Cases and the NPCSC Interpretation of 2016: Interface of Common Law and Chinese Law. Hong Kong Law Journal, v. 49, n. 1, p. 381–415, 2019.
Published
2021-11-30
How to Cite
Serrano Moreno, J. E. (2021). The acceleration of the legal and political integration of Hong Kong into the People’s Republic of China. Estudos Internacionais: International Relations Journal of PUC Minas, 9(3), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n3p96-113
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