The Butcha massacre, the War in Ukraine and multimedia power
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n1p107-126Keywords:
Butcha, Russia, UkraineAbstract
The Bucha massacre, which took place in April 2022, was immediately attributed to the Russian army. This still obscure event needs to be understood as part of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, whose origin goes beyond the so-called Special Operation that started in February 2022. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze how the Bucha massacre was treated by the media, methodologically based on western (New York Times, Herold and ANSA) and non-western (Russia Today, Al Jazeera, CGTN and Xinhua) media outlets. The central argument is that Western multimedia power produces a narrative aimed at the villainization of Moscow and the consequent escalation of the conflict as part of the containment of Russia by the US-led NATO forces.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Al JAZEERA. About us. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/about-us. Acesso em 26/11/2022.
ADLER, Nils. Inside Ukraine’s war crimes investigations. Al Jazeera, 21/06/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/21/inside-ukraine-war-crimes-investigations. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
ANSA. Corporate. Disponível em:https://www.ansa.it/corporate/en/info/2017/07/04/the-numbers_c96ef431-9ff2-4fd9-b68a-f0c5e46fc30b.html. Acesso em: 21/11/2022.
ARRIGHI, Giovanni. O longo século XX. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto, 2012.
BANDEIRA, Luiz Alberto Moniz. A Desordem Mundial. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2016.
BASS, A. Z. (1969). Refining the “Gatekeeper” Concept: A UN Radio Case Study. Journalism Quarterly, 46(1), 69–72.
BROWNE, Malachy; BOTTI, David; WILLIS, Haley. Satellite images show bodies lay in Bucha for weeks, despite Russian claims. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em:https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/world/europe/bucha-ukraine-bodies.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em : 12/11/2022.
CGTN,China Global Television Network. About us, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.cgtn.com/about-us. Acesso em 19/11/2022.
CHILD. David; WILSON, Nigel, MOHAMED, Hamza; NAJJAR, Farah.Russia-Ukraine latest updates: Germany to expel Russian envoys. Al Jazeera, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/3/russia-ukraine-live-news-un-chief-urges-independent-bucha-probe-liveblog. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
CHINA calls for restraint surrounding Bucha incident. Xinhua, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220406/be784fa52b1e4c548070923d645223e8/c.html. Acesso em: 01/11/2022.
DOCUMENT war crimes in Ukraine. The New York Times, New York, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/opinion/war-crimes-ukraine-putin.html. Acesso em: 15/11/2022.
DON’T have elements to prove genocide says Di Maio. ANSA, Roma,15/04/2022. Disponível em : https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/15/ansa/dont-have-elements-to-prove-genocide-says-di-maio_19f80595-9325-41cb-9526-2b39fbd2eddf.html. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
DRURY, Jim. Outrage grows at evidence of Russian 'war crimes' in towns near Kyiv. CGTN, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-05/Outrage-grows-at-evidence-of-Russian-war-crimes-in-towns-near-Kyiv-18XT88vZVjW/index.html. Acesso em 08/11/2022.
FOREIGN Ministry: China calls for full investigation into Bucha killings. CGTN, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-06/China-calls-for-full-investigation-into-Bucha-killings-190IUcMHCKs/index.html. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
GALL, Carlota; BEREHULAK, Daniel. Bucha’s Month Of Terror. The New York Times, 2022.Disponível:https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/04/11/world/europe/bucha-terror.html?searchResultPosition=2. Acesso em : 08/11/2022.
GETTLEMAN, Jeffrey. They Fell deeply in Love in Bucha. One Russian Bullet Ended it All. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/02/world/asia/ukraine-bucha-russia-atrocities.html. Acesso em: 16/11/2022.
GLADSTONE,Rick. Up-Close Ukraine Atrocity Photographs Touch a Global Nerve. The New York Times ,2022. Disponível: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-atrocities.html?searchResultPosition=7. Acesso em : 09/11/2022.
GUIMARÃES, Samuel. Quinhentos anos de periferia. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2000.
HANNA, Mike. UN chief urges independent probe of civilian deaths in Ukraine’s Bucha. AL Jazeera, 04/04/2022. Disponível em:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVnmMTaiuc8. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
HARRISON, Jody. Ukraine: Odessa targeted as Russia regroups in the south. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20041225.ukraine-odesa-targeted-russia-regroups-south/. Acesso em 13/11/2022.
HERMAN, Edward S.; CHOMSKY, Noam. A manipulação do público. São Paulo: Futura, 2003.
HOBSBAWN, Eric. Era dos Extremos. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 1995.
HODGER, Hannah. Putin sends 130,000 conscripts to war as evidence of civilian killings grows. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20044377.putin-sends-130-000-conscripts-war-evidence-civilian-killings-grows/ . Acesso em 11/11/2022.
KRAMER, Andrew; MACFARQUHAR, Neil. Russia in Broad Retreat From Kyiv, Seeking to Regroup From Battering. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/02/world/europe/ukraine-russia-kyiv.html?searchResultPosition=2. Acesso em : 10/11/2022.
KREMLIN responds to Bucha war crimes claims. Russia Today, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553257-bucha-war-crimes-peskov/. Acesso em: 03/04/2022.
LATOUCHE, Serge. A ocidentalização do mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 1996.
LOSURDO, Domenico. Imperialismo e questão europeia. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2023.
__________. A esquerda ausente - crise, sociedade do espetáculo, guerra. São Paulo: Anita Garibaldi, 2016.
__________. A não-violência: uma história fora do mito. Rio de Janeiro: Revan, 2012.
__________. Linguagem do Império. São Paulo: Contraponto, 2010.
MAHBUBANI, Kishore. A China venceu? Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2021.
NYE JR, Joseph. Compreender os conflitos internacionais. Lisboa, Portugal: Gradiva, 2002.
UKRAINE: Russian force’s trial of death in Bucha. Humans Right Watch, Ucrânia, 21/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/21/ukraine-russian-forces-trail-death-bucha. Acesso em 22/11/2022.
POPE holds up Ukraine flag after Bucha cruelties. ANSA, Roma, 06/04/2022. Disponível em:https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/06/ansa/pope-holds-up-ukraine-flag-after-bucha-cruelties_948e40c5-6a28-45fe-8bc0-d82c84aee8b6.html. Acesso em 18/11/2022.
UKRAINE: Putin will answer for his actions, says Draghi. ANSA, Roma, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/05/ukraine-putin-will-answer-for-his-actions-says-draghi-2_e74674c6-6bd8-4670-90ec-75d52c56e512.html. Acesso em : 18/11/2022.
SHOCK at Bucha images, guilty must pay - Di Maio. ANSA, Roma, 04/04/2022. Disponível: https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/04/shock-at-bucha-images-guilty-must-pay-di-maio-11_91143a8c-b7e2-4764-8503-89394158b735.html. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
MYRONIUK, Anna. I Didn’t Think My Mom Would Escape Putin Twice. The New York Times,2022.Disponível:https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/17/opinion/russia-ukraine-bucha-donetsk.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
MACWHIRTER, Iain. Ukraine’s heroes are fighting for European civilization itself, so pass the ammunition. The Herald, 2022. Disponível: https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20057980.iain-macwhirter-ukraines-heroes-fighting-european-civilisation-pass-ammunition/. Acesso 11/11/2012.
SABJAK, Ema. Ukraine: International condemndation after reports of mass killings near Kyiv. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20042211.ukraine-international-condemndation-reports-mass-killings-near-kyiv/. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
UKRAINE: More than 5000 civilians killed in Mariupol. The Herald, Escócia, 07/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20051152.ukraine-5000-civilians-killed-mariupol/. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
MACKAY, Neil. Neil Mackay: As Ukraine slaughter continues, what's the point of the United Nations?. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20049350.neil-mackay-ukraine-slaughter-continues-point-united-nations/. Acesso em 16/11/2022.
MCNELLY, J. T. (1959). Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News. Journalism Quarterly, 36(1), 23–26.
MIGUEL, Luis. Os meios de comunicação e a prática política. Lua Nova, n. 55-56, 2002, pp. 155-184.
MOSCOW to launch probe into Bucha footage of dead civilians. CGTN,04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-04/Moscow-to-launch-probe-into-Bucha-footage-of-dead-civilians-18XNHMH5FiU/index.html. Acesso em 09/11/2022.
MCQUAIL, Denis. Atuação da Mídia: comunidade de massa e interesse público. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso, 2012.
PAUTASSO, Diego. A Nova Rota da Seda e seus desafios securitários: os Estados Unidos e a contenção do eixo Sino-Russo. Estudos Internacionais. v. 7, 2019, pp. 85-100,.
__________. Da política de contenção à reemergência: a Rússia volta ao tabuleiro. Austral: Revista Brasileira de Estratégia & Relações Internacionais. v.3, n.6, Jul.-Dez., 2014, pp. 73-94.
__________.; AZEREDO, Rafael. Expansão do poder dos Estados Unidos: o caso da Líbia. Tensões Mundiais. v. 7, 2011, pp. 169-192.
PEÑA, Ricardo Pérez. Zelensky Accuses Russia of Atrocities and Criticizes U.N. 's Inaction. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/world/europe/zelensky-un-security-council.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em: 03/11/2022.
PENTAGON confirms ‘complete withdrawal’ of Russian troops. Russia Today, 07/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553432-pentagon-confirms-complete-withdrawal-of/. Acesso em: 04/11/2022.
PHOTOS: Russia launches ‘full-scale invasion’ in Ukraine. Al Jazeera, 24/02/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/2/24/photos-russia-launches-full-scale-invasion-in-ukraine. Acesso em: 17/11/2022.
QINGSHENG, Meng. Mayor says Kyiv satellite town Bucha recaptured by Ukraine. CGTN, 02/04/2022. Disponível em:
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-02/Mayor-says-Kyiv-satellite-town-Bucha-recaptured-by-Ukraine-18UngYbIOEU/index.html. Acesso em 10/11/2022.
RITTER, Scott.The truth about Bucha is out there, but perhaps too inconvenient to be discovered. Russia Today, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553293-bucha-war-crimes-truth/. Acesso em 04/11/2022
RODGER, Hannah. Russian atrocities in Bucha could be genocide, Johnson says. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20049483.russian-atrocities-bucha-genocide-johnson-says/. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
RUSSIA and Ukraine trade accusations over Bucha civilian deaths-Timeline. Russia Today, 04/04/2022/. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553274-bucha-war-crimes-allegations/. Acesso em: 03/11/2022.
RUSSIA calls Security Council meeting over Bucha. Russia Today, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553242-bucha-un-security-council/. Acesso em: 05/11/2022.
RUSSIA cautions Türkiye on military operation in Syria. Russia Today, 22/11/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/566981-russia-turkey-syria-operation/. Acesso em 23/11/2022.
RUSSIA denies military forces killed Bucha civilians in Ukraine. Al Jazeera, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/4/kremlin-rejects-accusation-russian-forces-killed-bucha-civilians. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
RUSSIA denies Ukraine war-crimes allegations. Russia Today, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553231-bucha-war-crimes-allegations-denied/, Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
RUSSIAN’S invasion of Ukraine: List of key events on day 50. Al Jazeera, 14/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/14/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-list-of-key-events-on-day-50. Acesso em: 09/11/2022.
RUSSIA rejects Ukraine's Bucha killings accusations. CGTN, 04/04/2022. Disponível em:
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-04/Russia-rejects-Ukraine-s-Bucha-killings-accusations-18Xyt9hPlS0/index.html. Acesso em: 09/11/2202.
RUSSIA Today. About RT, 2005. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/about-us/. Acesso em: 23/11/2022.
SHOEMAKER, Pamela J.; VOS. Tim P. Teoria do Gatekeeping: seleção e construção da notícia. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso, 2011.
SYNENKO, Alyona. Bucha residents picking up the pieces of shattered lives. Al Jazeera, 01/05/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/5/1/photos-bucha-residents-picking-up-the-pieces-of-shattered-lives. Acesso em 17/11/2022.
THE HERALD. About us. Disponível em: https://www.linkedin.com/company/theheraldscotland/about/. Acesso em 18/11/2022.
THE NEW YORK TIMES. Company. Disponível em: https://www.nytco.com/company. Acesso em: 22/11/2022.
UKRAINIAN president visits site of mass murder of civilians in Bucha. Xinhua, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220405/fc69a63f22f44781b64d02a04000b5b2/c.html. Acesso em: 01/11/2022.
UN chief Antonio Guterres urges independent investigation into Bucha killings. CGTN, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-05/UN-chief-urges-independent-investigation-into-Bucha-killings-18YFGM2AkE0/index.html. Acesso em 08/11/2022.
UN chief welcomes Security Council speaking with one voice for peace in Ukraine. Xinhua, 07/05/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220507/f4c0032501324d6d94a8e6e931881542/c.html. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
UN Security Council to address food security, Russia-Ukraine conflict in May. Xinhua, 04/05/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/europe/20220504/91cd640889e645828f5e3e7f8ff16e67/c.html. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
VOSS, Michael. UN war crimes inquiry collects evidence in Bucha and Irpin. CGTN, 16/06/2022. Disponível em: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2022-06-16/UN-war-crimes-inquiry-collects-evidence-in-Bucha-and-Irpin-1aTuP4Gk0VO/index.html. Acesso em 10/11/2022.
SACHS, J. The Ninth Anniversary of the Ukraine War. https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/yjae8gc8hp2p293tmt4dlr4z2dpe2s
WALT, Stephen. The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Foreign Policy. Outubro, 2011.
WEST’S sanctions turn Ukraine conflict into "global economic war": Hungary's Orban. Xinhua, 26/09/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220926/85114db86569435cbfac154fa477c11d/c.html. Acesso em: 09/11/2022.
ADLER, Nils. Inside Ukraine’s war crimes investigations. Al Jazeera, 21/06/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/21/inside-ukraine-war-crimes-investigations. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
ANSA. Corporate. Disponível em:https://www.ansa.it/corporate/en/info/2017/07/04/the-numbers_c96ef431-9ff2-4fd9-b68a-f0c5e46fc30b.html. Acesso em: 21/11/2022.
ARRIGHI, Giovanni. O longo século XX. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto, 2012.
BANDEIRA, Luiz Alberto Moniz. A Desordem Mundial. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2016.
BASS, A. Z. (1969). Refining the “Gatekeeper” Concept: A UN Radio Case Study. Journalism Quarterly, 46(1), 69–72.
BROWNE, Malachy; BOTTI, David; WILLIS, Haley. Satellite images show bodies lay in Bucha for weeks, despite Russian claims. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em:https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/world/europe/bucha-ukraine-bodies.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em : 12/11/2022.
CGTN,China Global Television Network. About us, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.cgtn.com/about-us. Acesso em 19/11/2022.
CHILD. David; WILSON, Nigel, MOHAMED, Hamza; NAJJAR, Farah.Russia-Ukraine latest updates: Germany to expel Russian envoys. Al Jazeera, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/3/russia-ukraine-live-news-un-chief-urges-independent-bucha-probe-liveblog. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
CHINA calls for restraint surrounding Bucha incident. Xinhua, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220406/be784fa52b1e4c548070923d645223e8/c.html. Acesso em: 01/11/2022.
DOCUMENT war crimes in Ukraine. The New York Times, New York, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/opinion/war-crimes-ukraine-putin.html. Acesso em: 15/11/2022.
DON’T have elements to prove genocide says Di Maio. ANSA, Roma,15/04/2022. Disponível em : https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/15/ansa/dont-have-elements-to-prove-genocide-says-di-maio_19f80595-9325-41cb-9526-2b39fbd2eddf.html. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
DRURY, Jim. Outrage grows at evidence of Russian 'war crimes' in towns near Kyiv. CGTN, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-05/Outrage-grows-at-evidence-of-Russian-war-crimes-in-towns-near-Kyiv-18XT88vZVjW/index.html. Acesso em 08/11/2022.
FOREIGN Ministry: China calls for full investigation into Bucha killings. CGTN, 06/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-06/China-calls-for-full-investigation-into-Bucha-killings-190IUcMHCKs/index.html. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
GALL, Carlota; BEREHULAK, Daniel. Bucha’s Month Of Terror. The New York Times, 2022.Disponível:https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/04/11/world/europe/bucha-terror.html?searchResultPosition=2. Acesso em : 08/11/2022.
GETTLEMAN, Jeffrey. They Fell deeply in Love in Bucha. One Russian Bullet Ended it All. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/02/world/asia/ukraine-bucha-russia-atrocities.html. Acesso em: 16/11/2022.
GLADSTONE,Rick. Up-Close Ukraine Atrocity Photographs Touch a Global Nerve. The New York Times ,2022. Disponível: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-atrocities.html?searchResultPosition=7. Acesso em : 09/11/2022.
GUIMARÃES, Samuel. Quinhentos anos de periferia. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2000.
HANNA, Mike. UN chief urges independent probe of civilian deaths in Ukraine’s Bucha. AL Jazeera, 04/04/2022. Disponível em:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVnmMTaiuc8. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
HARRISON, Jody. Ukraine: Odessa targeted as Russia regroups in the south. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20041225.ukraine-odesa-targeted-russia-regroups-south/. Acesso em 13/11/2022.
HERMAN, Edward S.; CHOMSKY, Noam. A manipulação do público. São Paulo: Futura, 2003.
HOBSBAWN, Eric. Era dos Extremos. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 1995.
HODGER, Hannah. Putin sends 130,000 conscripts to war as evidence of civilian killings grows. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20044377.putin-sends-130-000-conscripts-war-evidence-civilian-killings-grows/ . Acesso em 11/11/2022.
KRAMER, Andrew; MACFARQUHAR, Neil. Russia in Broad Retreat From Kyiv, Seeking to Regroup From Battering. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/02/world/europe/ukraine-russia-kyiv.html?searchResultPosition=2. Acesso em : 10/11/2022.
KREMLIN responds to Bucha war crimes claims. Russia Today, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553257-bucha-war-crimes-peskov/. Acesso em: 03/04/2022.
LATOUCHE, Serge. A ocidentalização do mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 1996.
LOSURDO, Domenico. Imperialismo e questão europeia. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2023.
__________. A esquerda ausente - crise, sociedade do espetáculo, guerra. São Paulo: Anita Garibaldi, 2016.
__________. A não-violência: uma história fora do mito. Rio de Janeiro: Revan, 2012.
__________. Linguagem do Império. São Paulo: Contraponto, 2010.
MAHBUBANI, Kishore. A China venceu? Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2021.
NYE JR, Joseph. Compreender os conflitos internacionais. Lisboa, Portugal: Gradiva, 2002.
UKRAINE: Russian force’s trial of death in Bucha. Humans Right Watch, Ucrânia, 21/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/21/ukraine-russian-forces-trail-death-bucha. Acesso em 22/11/2022.
POPE holds up Ukraine flag after Bucha cruelties. ANSA, Roma, 06/04/2022. Disponível em:https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/06/ansa/pope-holds-up-ukraine-flag-after-bucha-cruelties_948e40c5-6a28-45fe-8bc0-d82c84aee8b6.html. Acesso em 18/11/2022.
UKRAINE: Putin will answer for his actions, says Draghi. ANSA, Roma, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/05/ukraine-putin-will-answer-for-his-actions-says-draghi-2_e74674c6-6bd8-4670-90ec-75d52c56e512.html. Acesso em : 18/11/2022.
SHOCK at Bucha images, guilty must pay - Di Maio. ANSA, Roma, 04/04/2022. Disponível: https://www.ansa.it/english/newswire/english_service/2022/04/04/shock-at-bucha-images-guilty-must-pay-di-maio-11_91143a8c-b7e2-4764-8503-89394158b735.html. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
MYRONIUK, Anna. I Didn’t Think My Mom Would Escape Putin Twice. The New York Times,2022.Disponível:https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/17/opinion/russia-ukraine-bucha-donetsk.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em: 08/11/2022.
MACWHIRTER, Iain. Ukraine’s heroes are fighting for European civilization itself, so pass the ammunition. The Herald, 2022. Disponível: https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20057980.iain-macwhirter-ukraines-heroes-fighting-european-civilisation-pass-ammunition/. Acesso 11/11/2012.
SABJAK, Ema. Ukraine: International condemndation after reports of mass killings near Kyiv. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20042211.ukraine-international-condemndation-reports-mass-killings-near-kyiv/. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
UKRAINE: More than 5000 civilians killed in Mariupol. The Herald, Escócia, 07/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/20051152.ukraine-5000-civilians-killed-mariupol/. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
MACKAY, Neil. Neil Mackay: As Ukraine slaughter continues, what's the point of the United Nations?. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em : https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20049350.neil-mackay-ukraine-slaughter-continues-point-united-nations/. Acesso em 16/11/2022.
MCNELLY, J. T. (1959). Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News. Journalism Quarterly, 36(1), 23–26.
MIGUEL, Luis. Os meios de comunicação e a prática política. Lua Nova, n. 55-56, 2002, pp. 155-184.
MOSCOW to launch probe into Bucha footage of dead civilians. CGTN,04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-04/Moscow-to-launch-probe-into-Bucha-footage-of-dead-civilians-18XNHMH5FiU/index.html. Acesso em 09/11/2022.
MCQUAIL, Denis. Atuação da Mídia: comunidade de massa e interesse público. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso, 2012.
PAUTASSO, Diego. A Nova Rota da Seda e seus desafios securitários: os Estados Unidos e a contenção do eixo Sino-Russo. Estudos Internacionais. v. 7, 2019, pp. 85-100,.
__________. Da política de contenção à reemergência: a Rússia volta ao tabuleiro. Austral: Revista Brasileira de Estratégia & Relações Internacionais. v.3, n.6, Jul.-Dez., 2014, pp. 73-94.
__________.; AZEREDO, Rafael. Expansão do poder dos Estados Unidos: o caso da Líbia. Tensões Mundiais. v. 7, 2011, pp. 169-192.
PEÑA, Ricardo Pérez. Zelensky Accuses Russia of Atrocities and Criticizes U.N. 's Inaction. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/world/europe/zelensky-un-security-council.html?searchResultPosition=4. Acesso em: 03/11/2022.
PENTAGON confirms ‘complete withdrawal’ of Russian troops. Russia Today, 07/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553432-pentagon-confirms-complete-withdrawal-of/. Acesso em: 04/11/2022.
PHOTOS: Russia launches ‘full-scale invasion’ in Ukraine. Al Jazeera, 24/02/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/2/24/photos-russia-launches-full-scale-invasion-in-ukraine. Acesso em: 17/11/2022.
QINGSHENG, Meng. Mayor says Kyiv satellite town Bucha recaptured by Ukraine. CGTN, 02/04/2022. Disponível em:
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-02/Mayor-says-Kyiv-satellite-town-Bucha-recaptured-by-Ukraine-18UngYbIOEU/index.html. Acesso em 10/11/2022.
RITTER, Scott.The truth about Bucha is out there, but perhaps too inconvenient to be discovered. Russia Today, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553293-bucha-war-crimes-truth/. Acesso em 04/11/2022
RODGER, Hannah. Russian atrocities in Bucha could be genocide, Johnson says. The Herald, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/20049483.russian-atrocities-bucha-genocide-johnson-says/. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
RUSSIA and Ukraine trade accusations over Bucha civilian deaths-Timeline. Russia Today, 04/04/2022/. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553274-bucha-war-crimes-allegations/. Acesso em: 03/11/2022.
RUSSIA calls Security Council meeting over Bucha. Russia Today, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553242-bucha-un-security-council/. Acesso em: 05/11/2022.
RUSSIA cautions Türkiye on military operation in Syria. Russia Today, 22/11/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/566981-russia-turkey-syria-operation/. Acesso em 23/11/2022.
RUSSIA denies military forces killed Bucha civilians in Ukraine. Al Jazeera, 04/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/4/kremlin-rejects-accusation-russian-forces-killed-bucha-civilians. Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
RUSSIA denies Ukraine war-crimes allegations. Russia Today, 03/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/russia/553231-bucha-war-crimes-allegations-denied/, Acesso em: 02/11/2022.
RUSSIAN’S invasion of Ukraine: List of key events on day 50. Al Jazeera, 14/04/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/14/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-list-of-key-events-on-day-50. Acesso em: 09/11/2022.
RUSSIA rejects Ukraine's Bucha killings accusations. CGTN, 04/04/2022. Disponível em:
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-04/Russia-rejects-Ukraine-s-Bucha-killings-accusations-18Xyt9hPlS0/index.html. Acesso em: 09/11/2202.
RUSSIA Today. About RT, 2005. Disponível em: https://www.rt.com/about-us/. Acesso em: 23/11/2022.
SHOEMAKER, Pamela J.; VOS. Tim P. Teoria do Gatekeeping: seleção e construção da notícia. Porto Alegre: Editora Penso, 2011.
SYNENKO, Alyona. Bucha residents picking up the pieces of shattered lives. Al Jazeera, 01/05/2022. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/5/1/photos-bucha-residents-picking-up-the-pieces-of-shattered-lives. Acesso em 17/11/2022.
THE HERALD. About us. Disponível em: https://www.linkedin.com/company/theheraldscotland/about/. Acesso em 18/11/2022.
THE NEW YORK TIMES. Company. Disponível em: https://www.nytco.com/company. Acesso em: 22/11/2022.
UKRAINIAN president visits site of mass murder of civilians in Bucha. Xinhua, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220405/fc69a63f22f44781b64d02a04000b5b2/c.html. Acesso em: 01/11/2022.
UN chief Antonio Guterres urges independent investigation into Bucha killings. CGTN, 05/04/2022. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-05/UN-chief-urges-independent-investigation-into-Bucha-killings-18YFGM2AkE0/index.html. Acesso em 08/11/2022.
UN chief welcomes Security Council speaking with one voice for peace in Ukraine. Xinhua, 07/05/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220507/f4c0032501324d6d94a8e6e931881542/c.html. Acesso em 12/11/2022.
UN Security Council to address food security, Russia-Ukraine conflict in May. Xinhua, 04/05/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/europe/20220504/91cd640889e645828f5e3e7f8ff16e67/c.html. Acesso em: 12/11/2022.
VOSS, Michael. UN war crimes inquiry collects evidence in Bucha and Irpin. CGTN, 16/06/2022. Disponível em: https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2022-06-16/UN-war-crimes-inquiry-collects-evidence-in-Bucha-and-Irpin-1aTuP4Gk0VO/index.html. Acesso em 10/11/2022.
SACHS, J. The Ninth Anniversary of the Ukraine War. https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/yjae8gc8hp2p293tmt4dlr4z2dpe2s
WALT, Stephen. The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Foreign Policy. Outubro, 2011.
WEST’S sanctions turn Ukraine conflict into "global economic war": Hungary's Orban. Xinhua, 26/09/2022. Disponível em: https://english.news.cn/20220926/85114db86569435cbfac154fa477c11d/c.html. Acesso em: 09/11/2022.
Published
2024-04-11
How to Cite
Pautasso, D., & Algarte, R. (2024). The Butcha massacre, the War in Ukraine and multimedia power. Estudos Internacionais: International Relations Journal of PUC Minas, 11(1), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2023v11n1p107-126
Issue
Section
Artigos
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a.Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
b.Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c.Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
