The Territorial Penetration, Control, and Governance Nexus
Cases of Radical Religious Violent Non-State Actors
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2024v12n2p66-90Mots-clés :
Violent Non-State Actors; Territorial penetration; Territorial Control; Territorial Governance; Ideology.Résumé
This paper explores the relationship between territorial penetration, control, and governance of violent non-state actors (VNSAs). The three concepts have been previously studied in isolation. However, this paper aims to fill a gap in the literature by linking them into a common framework. The article establishes a causal link between three concepts using the process tracing method within three instrumental case studies of radical religious VNSAs: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), the Islamic State (Daesh), and Hezbollah. Within a given research framework, the analysis also identifies specific intervening phenomena and contextual factors that may have a causal influence on the nexus under study. The main source of primary data comprises open expert interviews conducted by the author. The article presents evidence that advanced non-state governance requires a sequence of sufficient material actor power (penetration, control), inclusive ideational power (ideology), and positive contextual influence. Only such a sequence of establishing VNSAs in the territory fulfils a necessary and sufficient condition for positively impacting their power and status.
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
AHRAM, Ariel I. Territory, Sovereignty, and New Statehood in the Middle East and North Africa. Middle East Journal 71 (3):345–362, 2017.
ALAGHA, Joseph. The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
ALEXANDER, Yonah; ALEXANDER, Dean. The Islamic State: Combating The Caliphate Without Borders. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015.
ALMUKHTAR, Sarah, et al. The Islamic State: From Insurgency to Rogue State and Back. The New York Times, 2017. Available at <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/22/world/middleeast/isis-the-islamic-state-from-insurgency-to-rogue-state-and-back.html>. Accessed 1 November 2017.
ARJONA, Ana. Wartime Institutions: A Research Agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 (8):1360–1389, 2014.
ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR, Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah. “Introduction”. In: ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR; Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah (eds.). Rebel Governance in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p.1–20.
ARREGUÍN-TOFT, Ivan. “How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure”. In: ANGSTROM, Jan; DUYVESTEYN, Isabelle (eds.). Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, p.160–185.
AZANI, Eitan. Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God From Revolution to Institutionalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
BARRETT, Richard. The Islamic State. New York: The Soufan Group, 2014.
BAUD, Jacques. Hezbollah. Global Terror Watch, 2014. Available at <http://www.globalterrorwatch.ch/index.php/hezbollah>. Accessed 3 May 2016.
BLATTER, Joachim; HAVERLAND, Markus. Designing Case Studies: Explanatory Approaches in Small-N Research. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
BØÅS, Morten; TORHEIM, Liv E. The International Intervention in Mali: ‘Desert Blues’ or a New Beginning? International Journal 68 (3):417–423, 2013.
CALLIMACHI, Rukmini. ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls. The New York Times, 2019. Available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/23/world/middleeast/isis-syria-caliphate.html>. Accessed 25 March 2019.
COCODIA, Jude. “Nationalist Sentiment, Terrorist Incursions and the Survival of the Malian State”. In: VARIN, Caroline; ABUBAKAR, Dauda (eds.). Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer, 2017, p.49–74.
CRONIN, Audrey K. ISIS Is Not a Terrorist Group: Why Counterterrorism Won’t Stop the Latest Jihadist Threat. Foreign Affairs 94 (2):87–98, 2015.
DAHER, Aurélie. Le Hezbollah: mobilisation et pouvoir. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2014.
DANY, Charlotte. “Between Big Deals and Small Steps: Measuring the Effectiveness of International Non-Governmental Organizations”. In: HEGEMANN, Hendrik; HELLER, Regina; KAHL, Martin (eds.). Studying 'Effectiveness' in International Relations: A Guide for Students and Scholars. Martin Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2013, p.81–99.
DINÇER, Osman B.; TOPAL, Omer F. Increasing Violence and Deepening Divisions: Rise of Radical Groups and Iraq’s Uncertain Future. Ankara: International Strategic Research Organization, 2014.
ENGLISH, Charlie. Mali’s Displaced Fearful of Returning Home a Year on from Crisis. The Guardian, 2014. Available at <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/10/mali-displaced-fearful-return>. Accessed 21 January 2014.
FANUSIE, Yaya J.; ENTZ, Alex. Hezbollah: Financial Assessment. Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 2017. Available at <https://s3.us-east 2.amazonaws.com/defenddemocracy/uploads/documents/CSIF_TFBB_Hezbollah.pdf>. Accessed 7 December 2017.
GARTENSTEIN-ROSS, Daveed; MAGEN, Amichai. The Jihadist Governance Dilemma. The Washington Post, 2014. Available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/18/the-jihadist-governance-dilemma>. Accessed 28 July 2016.
GAUB, Florence. The Cult of ISIS. Survival 58 (1):113–130, 2016.
GEORGE, Alexander L.; BENNETT, Andrew. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2005.
GERGES, Fawaz A. ISIS: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
GOERTZ, Gary; DIEHL, Paul F. Territorial Changes and International Conflict. London: Routledge, 2002.
GOTTMANN, Jean. The Significance of Territory. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1973.
GUIDÈRE, Mathieu. Al-Qaïda au Maghreb Islamique: le tournant des révolutions arabes. Maghreb-Machrek 208 (2):59–73, 2011.
HABECK, Mary. ISIS Declares the Caliphate: An Analysis. Insite Blog on Terrorism and Extremism, 2014. Available at <https://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/categories/jihad/entry/197-isis-declares-the-caliphate-an-analysis-1>. Accessed 28 December 2015.
HANSEN, Stig J. Horn Sahel and Rift: Fault-lines of the African Jihad. London: C. Hurst&Co, 2019.
HAWRAMY, Fazel; HARDING, Luke. Inside Islamic State’s Oil Empire: How Captured Oilfields Fuel Isis Insurgency. The Guardian, 2014. Available at <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/19/-sp-islamic-state-oil-empire-iraq-isis>. Accessed 22 November 2014.
HENSEL, Paul R. “Territory: Geography, Contentious Issues, and World Politics”. In: VASQUEZ, John A. (ed.). What Do We Know about War? Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield, 2012, p.3–26.
INTERVIEWEE A (army security analyst), May 9, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE B (scholar and researcher), May 12, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE C (think-tank analyst), June 1, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE D (think-tank analyst), June 26, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE E (scholar and researcher), June 2, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE F (scholar and researcher), April 29, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE G (think-tank analyst), March 27, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE H (eyewitness), April 12, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE I (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE J (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE K (diplomat), March 16, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE L (eyewitness), March 16, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE M (INGO worker), April 28, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE N (INGO worker), May 3, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE O (think-tank analyst), June 6, 2017, London.
INTERVIEWEE P (think-tank analyst), June 28, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE Q (scholar and researcher), May 24, 2017, Geneva.
INTERVIEWEE R (think-tank analyst), June 27, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE S (scholar and researcher), June 28, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE T (scholar and researcher), May 29, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE U (army security analyst), May 31, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE V (INGO worker), June 26, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE W (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE X (think-tank analyst), May 31, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE Y (IGO worker), June 7, 2017, Brussels.
INTERVIEWEE Z (think-tank analyst), June 27, 2017, Washington.
JOHNSTON, Patrick B., et al. Return and Expand? The Finances and Prospects of the Islamic State After the Caliphate. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2019.
KALYVAS, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
KALYVAS, Stathis N. Jihadi Rebels in Civil War. Dædalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts&Sciences 147 (1):36–47, 2018.
KASFIR, Nelson. “Rebel Governance – Constructing a Field of Inquiry: Definitions, Scope, Patterns, Order, Causes”. In: ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR; Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah (eds.). Rebel Governance in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p.21–46.
KRASNER, Stephen D. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
LACHER, Wolfram. Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region. Washington: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012.
LARÉMONT, Ricardo R. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism and Counterterrorism in the Sahel. African Security 4 (4):242–268, 2011.
LECOCQ, Baz. Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
LEWIS, Jessica D. The Islamic State: A Counter-Strategy for a Counter-State. The Institute for the Study of War, 2014. Available at <https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Lewis-Center%20of%20gravity.pdf>. Accessed 26 December 2015.
LIA, Brynjar. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States. Perspectives on Terrorism 9 (4):31–41, 2015.
LISTER, Charles. Profiling the Islamic State. Brookings Doha Center, 2014. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/en_web_lister.pdf>. Accessed 20 December 2016.
LUIZARD, Pierre-Jean. Le piège Daech: L'État islamique ou le retour de l'Histoire. Paris: La Découverte, 2015.
MATTHEWS, Matt M. We Were Caught Unprepared: The 2006. Hezbollah-Israeli War. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2008.
McCANTS, William; ZELIN, Aaron Y. Experts Weigh in (part 3): Is ISIS Good at Governing? Brookings, 2016. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/02/09/experts-weigh-in-part-3-is-isis-good-at-governing>. Accessed 14 September 2017.
METELITS, Claire. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
NAPOLEONI, Loretta. L’état islamique: Multinationale de la violence. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2015.
NORTON, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
NOTIN, Jean-Christophe. La guerre de la France au Mali. Paris: Tallandier, 2014.
PAWSON, Ray; TILLEY, Nick. Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage, 2000.
RÉMY, Jean-Philippe. Dans Gao libérée, désolation et règlements de comptes. Le Monde, 2013. Available at <https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/01/30/desolation-et-vengeance-dans-gao-liberee_1824366_3210.html>. Accessed 13 February 2013.
REVKIN, Mara. ISIS’ Social Contract. Foreign Affairs, 2016a. Available at <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2016-01-10/isis-social-contract>. Accessed 29 June 2017.
REVKIN, Mara. The legal foundations of the Islamic State. Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, 2016b. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Mara-Revkin_Web_v2.pdf>. Accessed 10 January 2018.
ROSINY, Stephan. The Rise and Demise of the IS Caliphate. Middle East Policy 32 (2):94–107, 2015.
RUBIN, Michael A. Rebel Territorial Control and Civilian Collective Action in Civil War: Evidence from the Communist Insurgency in the Philippines. Journal of Conflict Resolution 64 (2-3):459–489, 2020.
SAAB, Bilal Y. Rethinking Hezbollah’s Disarmament. Middle East Policy 15 (3):93–106, 2008.
SACK, Robert D. Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
SALAMA, Basma. The Resilience of the Islamic State. Wien: Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport, 2016.
SALLON, Hélene. Comment l’armée française traque les djihadistes. Le Monde, 2013. Available at <http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/15/mali-cette-guerre-est-un-engagement-de-long-terme_1817161_3212.html>. Accessed 16 January 2013.
SALLON, Hélene. Sur la piste du fief de l’Etat islamique. Le Monde, 2015. Available at <https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2015/09/15/sur-la-piste-de-l-emir-autoproclame-de-l-etat-islamique_4758179_3218.html>. Accessed 19 December 2015.
SCHNECKENER, Ulrich. “Fragile Statehood, Armed Non-State Actors and Security Governance”. In: BRYDEN, Alan; CAPARINI, Marina (eds.). Private Actors and Security Governance. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2006, p.23–40.
SCHWELLER, Randall L. “The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism”. In: ELMAN, Colin; ELMAN, Miriam F. (eds.). Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003, p.311–348.
SCHWELLER, Randall L. “Neoclassical Realism and State Mobilization: Expansionist Ideology in the Age of Mass Politics”. In: LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W. (eds.). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p.227–250.
SOJA, Edward W. The Political Organization of Space. Washington: Association of American Geographers, 1971.
SOLOMON, Hussein. Mali: West Africa’s Afghanistan. The RUSI Journal 158 (1):12–19, 2013.
SOLOMON, Hussein. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Africa: Fighting Insurgency from Al Shabaab, Ansar Dine and Boko Haram. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
STOREY, David. Territory: The Claiming of Space. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.
SULLIVAN, Kevin. Life in the ‘Islamic State’: Spoils for the Rulers, Terror for the Ruled. The Washington Post, 2015. Available at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/life-in-the-islamic-state/2015/10/01/overview>. Accessed 4 October 2015.
SZEKELY, Ora. Hezbollah’s Survival: Resources and Relationships. Middle East Policy 14 (4):110–126, 2012.
TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W.; LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M. “Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy”. In: LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W. (eds.). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p.1–41.
THIRLWAY, Hugh. The Role of Non-State Actors: A Response to Professor Ryngaert. Netherlands International Law Review 64 (1):141–153, 2017.
TOFT, Monica D. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Terrorism, 2017. Available at <https://www.state.gov/country-reports-on-terrorism>. Accessed 20 August 2017.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 2100 (2013), 2013. Available at <http://unscr.com/files/2013/02100.pdf>. Accessed 13 September 2017.
VERDEIL, Eric; FAOUR, Ghaleb; VELUT, Sébastien. Atlas du Liban: Territoires et société. Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, 2007.
VOLLAARD, Hans. The Logic of Political Territoriality. Geopolitics 14 (4):687–706, 2009.
WALTER, Barbara F. The Extremist's Advantage in Civil Wars. International Security 42 (2):7–39, 2017.
WEISS, Michael, and HASSAN, Hassan. ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. New York: Regan Arts, 2016.
WHITEHOUSE, Bruce; STRAZZARI, Francesco. Introduction: Rethinking Challenges to State Sovereignty in Mali and Northwest Africa. African Security 8 (4):213–226, 2015.
WIEGAND, Krista E. Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
ZELIN, Aaron Y. The Islamic State’s Territorial Methodology. The Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 2016. Available at <https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/islamic-states-territorial-methodology>. Accessed 19 June 2017.
ALAGHA, Joseph. The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
ALEXANDER, Yonah; ALEXANDER, Dean. The Islamic State: Combating The Caliphate Without Borders. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015.
ALMUKHTAR, Sarah, et al. The Islamic State: From Insurgency to Rogue State and Back. The New York Times, 2017. Available at <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/22/world/middleeast/isis-the-islamic-state-from-insurgency-to-rogue-state-and-back.html>. Accessed 1 November 2017.
ARJONA, Ana. Wartime Institutions: A Research Agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 (8):1360–1389, 2014.
ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR, Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah. “Introduction”. In: ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR; Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah (eds.). Rebel Governance in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p.1–20.
ARREGUÍN-TOFT, Ivan. “How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure”. In: ANGSTROM, Jan; DUYVESTEYN, Isabelle (eds.). Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, p.160–185.
AZANI, Eitan. Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God From Revolution to Institutionalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
BARRETT, Richard. The Islamic State. New York: The Soufan Group, 2014.
BAUD, Jacques. Hezbollah. Global Terror Watch, 2014. Available at <http://www.globalterrorwatch.ch/index.php/hezbollah>. Accessed 3 May 2016.
BLATTER, Joachim; HAVERLAND, Markus. Designing Case Studies: Explanatory Approaches in Small-N Research. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
BØÅS, Morten; TORHEIM, Liv E. The International Intervention in Mali: ‘Desert Blues’ or a New Beginning? International Journal 68 (3):417–423, 2013.
CALLIMACHI, Rukmini. ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls. The New York Times, 2019. Available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/23/world/middleeast/isis-syria-caliphate.html>. Accessed 25 March 2019.
COCODIA, Jude. “Nationalist Sentiment, Terrorist Incursions and the Survival of the Malian State”. In: VARIN, Caroline; ABUBAKAR, Dauda (eds.). Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer, 2017, p.49–74.
CRONIN, Audrey K. ISIS Is Not a Terrorist Group: Why Counterterrorism Won’t Stop the Latest Jihadist Threat. Foreign Affairs 94 (2):87–98, 2015.
DAHER, Aurélie. Le Hezbollah: mobilisation et pouvoir. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2014.
DANY, Charlotte. “Between Big Deals and Small Steps: Measuring the Effectiveness of International Non-Governmental Organizations”. In: HEGEMANN, Hendrik; HELLER, Regina; KAHL, Martin (eds.). Studying 'Effectiveness' in International Relations: A Guide for Students and Scholars. Martin Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2013, p.81–99.
DINÇER, Osman B.; TOPAL, Omer F. Increasing Violence and Deepening Divisions: Rise of Radical Groups and Iraq’s Uncertain Future. Ankara: International Strategic Research Organization, 2014.
ENGLISH, Charlie. Mali’s Displaced Fearful of Returning Home a Year on from Crisis. The Guardian, 2014. Available at <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/10/mali-displaced-fearful-return>. Accessed 21 January 2014.
FANUSIE, Yaya J.; ENTZ, Alex. Hezbollah: Financial Assessment. Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 2017. Available at <https://s3.us-east 2.amazonaws.com/defenddemocracy/uploads/documents/CSIF_TFBB_Hezbollah.pdf>. Accessed 7 December 2017.
GARTENSTEIN-ROSS, Daveed; MAGEN, Amichai. The Jihadist Governance Dilemma. The Washington Post, 2014. Available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/18/the-jihadist-governance-dilemma>. Accessed 28 July 2016.
GAUB, Florence. The Cult of ISIS. Survival 58 (1):113–130, 2016.
GEORGE, Alexander L.; BENNETT, Andrew. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2005.
GERGES, Fawaz A. ISIS: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
GOERTZ, Gary; DIEHL, Paul F. Territorial Changes and International Conflict. London: Routledge, 2002.
GOTTMANN, Jean. The Significance of Territory. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1973.
GUIDÈRE, Mathieu. Al-Qaïda au Maghreb Islamique: le tournant des révolutions arabes. Maghreb-Machrek 208 (2):59–73, 2011.
HABECK, Mary. ISIS Declares the Caliphate: An Analysis. Insite Blog on Terrorism and Extremism, 2014. Available at <https://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/categories/jihad/entry/197-isis-declares-the-caliphate-an-analysis-1>. Accessed 28 December 2015.
HANSEN, Stig J. Horn Sahel and Rift: Fault-lines of the African Jihad. London: C. Hurst&Co, 2019.
HAWRAMY, Fazel; HARDING, Luke. Inside Islamic State’s Oil Empire: How Captured Oilfields Fuel Isis Insurgency. The Guardian, 2014. Available at <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/19/-sp-islamic-state-oil-empire-iraq-isis>. Accessed 22 November 2014.
HENSEL, Paul R. “Territory: Geography, Contentious Issues, and World Politics”. In: VASQUEZ, John A. (ed.). What Do We Know about War? Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield, 2012, p.3–26.
INTERVIEWEE A (army security analyst), May 9, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE B (scholar and researcher), May 12, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE C (think-tank analyst), June 1, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE D (think-tank analyst), June 26, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE E (scholar and researcher), June 2, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE F (scholar and researcher), April 29, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE G (think-tank analyst), March 27, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE H (eyewitness), April 12, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE I (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE J (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE K (diplomat), March 16, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE L (eyewitness), March 16, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE M (INGO worker), April 28, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE N (INGO worker), May 3, 2017, online.
INTERVIEWEE O (think-tank analyst), June 6, 2017, London.
INTERVIEWEE P (think-tank analyst), June 28, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE Q (scholar and researcher), May 24, 2017, Geneva.
INTERVIEWEE R (think-tank analyst), June 27, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE S (scholar and researcher), June 28, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE T (scholar and researcher), May 29, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE U (army security analyst), May 31, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE V (INGO worker), June 26, 2017, Washington.
INTERVIEWEE W (scholar and researcher), June 8, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE X (think-tank analyst), May 31, 2017, Paris.
INTERVIEWEE Y (IGO worker), June 7, 2017, Brussels.
INTERVIEWEE Z (think-tank analyst), June 27, 2017, Washington.
JOHNSTON, Patrick B., et al. Return and Expand? The Finances and Prospects of the Islamic State After the Caliphate. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2019.
KALYVAS, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
KALYVAS, Stathis N. Jihadi Rebels in Civil War. Dædalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts&Sciences 147 (1):36–47, 2018.
KASFIR, Nelson. “Rebel Governance – Constructing a Field of Inquiry: Definitions, Scope, Patterns, Order, Causes”. In: ARJONA, Ana; KASFIR; Nelson; MAMPILLY, Zachariah (eds.). Rebel Governance in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p.21–46.
KRASNER, Stephen D. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
LACHER, Wolfram. Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region. Washington: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012.
LARÉMONT, Ricardo R. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism and Counterterrorism in the Sahel. African Security 4 (4):242–268, 2011.
LECOCQ, Baz. Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
LEWIS, Jessica D. The Islamic State: A Counter-Strategy for a Counter-State. The Institute for the Study of War, 2014. Available at <https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Lewis-Center%20of%20gravity.pdf>. Accessed 26 December 2015.
LIA, Brynjar. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States. Perspectives on Terrorism 9 (4):31–41, 2015.
LISTER, Charles. Profiling the Islamic State. Brookings Doha Center, 2014. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/en_web_lister.pdf>. Accessed 20 December 2016.
LUIZARD, Pierre-Jean. Le piège Daech: L'État islamique ou le retour de l'Histoire. Paris: La Découverte, 2015.
MATTHEWS, Matt M. We Were Caught Unprepared: The 2006. Hezbollah-Israeli War. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2008.
McCANTS, William; ZELIN, Aaron Y. Experts Weigh in (part 3): Is ISIS Good at Governing? Brookings, 2016. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/02/09/experts-weigh-in-part-3-is-isis-good-at-governing>. Accessed 14 September 2017.
METELITS, Claire. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
NAPOLEONI, Loretta. L’état islamique: Multinationale de la violence. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2015.
NORTON, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
NOTIN, Jean-Christophe. La guerre de la France au Mali. Paris: Tallandier, 2014.
PAWSON, Ray; TILLEY, Nick. Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage, 2000.
RÉMY, Jean-Philippe. Dans Gao libérée, désolation et règlements de comptes. Le Monde, 2013. Available at <https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/01/30/desolation-et-vengeance-dans-gao-liberee_1824366_3210.html>. Accessed 13 February 2013.
REVKIN, Mara. ISIS’ Social Contract. Foreign Affairs, 2016a. Available at <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2016-01-10/isis-social-contract>. Accessed 29 June 2017.
REVKIN, Mara. The legal foundations of the Islamic State. Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, 2016b. Available at <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Mara-Revkin_Web_v2.pdf>. Accessed 10 January 2018.
ROSINY, Stephan. The Rise and Demise of the IS Caliphate. Middle East Policy 32 (2):94–107, 2015.
RUBIN, Michael A. Rebel Territorial Control and Civilian Collective Action in Civil War: Evidence from the Communist Insurgency in the Philippines. Journal of Conflict Resolution 64 (2-3):459–489, 2020.
SAAB, Bilal Y. Rethinking Hezbollah’s Disarmament. Middle East Policy 15 (3):93–106, 2008.
SACK, Robert D. Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
SALAMA, Basma. The Resilience of the Islamic State. Wien: Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport, 2016.
SALLON, Hélene. Comment l’armée française traque les djihadistes. Le Monde, 2013. Available at <http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/15/mali-cette-guerre-est-un-engagement-de-long-terme_1817161_3212.html>. Accessed 16 January 2013.
SALLON, Hélene. Sur la piste du fief de l’Etat islamique. Le Monde, 2015. Available at <https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2015/09/15/sur-la-piste-de-l-emir-autoproclame-de-l-etat-islamique_4758179_3218.html>. Accessed 19 December 2015.
SCHNECKENER, Ulrich. “Fragile Statehood, Armed Non-State Actors and Security Governance”. In: BRYDEN, Alan; CAPARINI, Marina (eds.). Private Actors and Security Governance. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2006, p.23–40.
SCHWELLER, Randall L. “The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism”. In: ELMAN, Colin; ELMAN, Miriam F. (eds.). Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003, p.311–348.
SCHWELLER, Randall L. “Neoclassical Realism and State Mobilization: Expansionist Ideology in the Age of Mass Politics”. In: LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W. (eds.). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p.227–250.
SOJA, Edward W. The Political Organization of Space. Washington: Association of American Geographers, 1971.
SOLOMON, Hussein. Mali: West Africa’s Afghanistan. The RUSI Journal 158 (1):12–19, 2013.
SOLOMON, Hussein. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Africa: Fighting Insurgency from Al Shabaab, Ansar Dine and Boko Haram. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
STOREY, David. Territory: The Claiming of Space. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.
SULLIVAN, Kevin. Life in the ‘Islamic State’: Spoils for the Rulers, Terror for the Ruled. The Washington Post, 2015. Available at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/life-in-the-islamic-state/2015/10/01/overview>. Accessed 4 October 2015.
SZEKELY, Ora. Hezbollah’s Survival: Resources and Relationships. Middle East Policy 14 (4):110–126, 2012.
TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W.; LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M. “Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy”. In: LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W. (eds.). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p.1–41.
THIRLWAY, Hugh. The Role of Non-State Actors: A Response to Professor Ryngaert. Netherlands International Law Review 64 (1):141–153, 2017.
TOFT, Monica D. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Terrorism, 2017. Available at <https://www.state.gov/country-reports-on-terrorism>. Accessed 20 August 2017.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 2100 (2013), 2013. Available at <http://unscr.com/files/2013/02100.pdf>. Accessed 13 September 2017.
VERDEIL, Eric; FAOUR, Ghaleb; VELUT, Sébastien. Atlas du Liban: Territoires et société. Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, 2007.
VOLLAARD, Hans. The Logic of Political Territoriality. Geopolitics 14 (4):687–706, 2009.
WALTER, Barbara F. The Extremist's Advantage in Civil Wars. International Security 42 (2):7–39, 2017.
WEISS, Michael, and HASSAN, Hassan. ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. New York: Regan Arts, 2016.
WHITEHOUSE, Bruce; STRAZZARI, Francesco. Introduction: Rethinking Challenges to State Sovereignty in Mali and Northwest Africa. African Security 8 (4):213–226, 2015.
WIEGAND, Krista E. Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
ZELIN, Aaron Y. The Islamic State’s Territorial Methodology. The Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 2016. Available at <https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/islamic-states-territorial-methodology>. Accessed 19 June 2017.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
2025-05-18
Comment citer
Ludvík, Z. (2025). The Territorial Penetration, Control, and Governance Nexus: Cases of Radical Religious Violent Non-State Actors. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 12(2), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2024v12n2p66-90
Numéro
Rubrique
Artigos
Licence
© Estudos Internacionais: International Relations Journal of PUC Minas 2025
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2.Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3.Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
