La competencia entre China y Estados Unidos en América Latina
evolución, perspectivas e implicancias en el contexto del COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p43-62Palabras clave:
China, América Latina, Estados Unidos, Covid-19, Ruta de la Seda SanitariaResumen
En la última década, China se ha consolidado como un actor clave en el sistema internacional y su influencia se irradia a todos los rincones del mundo. América Latina no es una excepción a este fenómeno. La participación económica china en la región tuvo impactos políticos que han llevado a una competencia inevitable con Estados Unidos. Es en este contexto de competencia donde surge la pandemia COVID-19 que trae profundas consecuencias para los países latinoamericanos.
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las relaciones entre América Latina y China en el contexto de la competencia con Estados Unidos y la pandemia de COVID-19. El artículo aborda cómo ha evolucionado la competencia, particularmente en el área de la salud después del brote de COVID-19. Para ello, se discuten las principales acciones de China en la región desde una perspectiva teórica de economía política internacional y a partir de conceptos como la diplomacia de las mascarillas y la “wolf warrior diplomacy”.
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CHEN, D., PU, X., & JOHNSTON, A. I. Debating China’s Assertiveness. International Security, 38(3): 176–183, 2014.
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D’HOOGUE, I. China’s public diplomacy. Leiden: Brill. 2014.
ELLIS, E. China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2009.
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EMBASSY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA TO SWEDEN. Ambassador Gui Congyou Gives Exclusive Interview to Valdemar Lonnroth from Göteborgs-Posten. Retrieved from: http://www.chinaembassy.se/eng/sgxw/t1624939.htm, 2019.
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FRIEDBERG, A. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.
GARLICK, J. The impact of China`s Belt and Road Initiative. London: Routledge, 2020.
GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL DE SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA. Fundación Tzu Chi de Taiwán dona insumos médicos para hospitales de Santa Cruz. Retrieved from http://gmsantacruz.gob.bo/noticia-municipal.php?mostrar=2020-05-25-E, 2020
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HUANG, Y. Tedros, Taiwan, and Trump: What They Tell Us About China’s Growing Clout in Global Health. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/blog/tedros-taiwan-and-trump-what-they-tell-us-about-chinas-growing-clout-global-health, 2017.
IKENBERRY, J. The end of liberal international order?. International Affairs 94 (1): 7–23, 2018
JOHNSON, C. President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative. A Practical Assessment of the Chinese Communist Party’s Roadmap for China’s Global Resurgence. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, p. 1-38, 2016.
JOHNSTON, A. How New and Assertive Is China’s New Assertiveness? International Security, 37 (4): 7-42, 2013.
KOTSCHWAR, B. China’s Economic Influence in Latin America. Asian Economic Policy Review 9: 202–222, 2014.
LA VANGUARDIA. China y Vargas Llosa se pelean por el coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.lavanguardia.com/libros/20200317/474226470985/vargas-llosa-china-coronavirus.html, 2019
LANCASTER, K; RUBIN, M & RAPP-HOOPER, M. Mapping China’s Health Silk Road. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from
https://www.cfr.org/blog/mapping-chinas-health-silk-road, 2020.
LE NATIONAL. Une compagnie basee en Chine vient en aide au corps medical haitien. Retrieved from http://www.lenational.org/post_free.php?elif=1_CONTENUE/actualitees&rebmun=6577, 2020.
LIANG, W. Pulling the Region into its Orbit? China’s Economic Statecraft in Latin America. Journal of Chinese Political Science: 1-17, 2019.
MAYER, M. China’s historical statecraft and the return of history. International Affairs 94(6): 1217-1236, 2018.
MEARSHEIMER, J. The tragedy of great power politics. New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. Conferencia de Prensa Habitual Ofrecida 24 de Marzo de 2020 por Geng Shuang. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/esp/xwfw/lxjzzdh/t1760929.shtml, 2020.
MYERS, M. & BARRIOS, R. China’s Medical Outreach in LAC: Facts and Features. The Dialogue. Retrieved from https://www.thedialogue.org/blogs/2020/05/chinas-medical-outreach-in-lac-facts-and-features/, 2020.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION. Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21stCentury Maritime Silk Road. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved http://www.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-45.html, 2015.
NATIONAL HEALTH COMMISION. Beijing Communiqué of The Belt and Road Health Cooperation & Health Silk Road. Retrieved from http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2017-08/18/c_72257.htm, 2017.
NOLAN, P. “Preface”. In FANG, C & NOLAN, P (eds). Routledge Handbook of the Belt and Road. New York: Routledge, pp. xxi-xxiv, 2019.
OFFICE OF THE LEADING GROUP FOR THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE. Building the Belt and Road: Concept, Practice and China’s Contribution. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 2017
PARRA PÉREZ, A. OBOR: las 5 claves de la mayor iniciativa de infraestructuras mundial liderada por China. Documento Opinión 113, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos; 1-20, 2017.
PAZ, G. “Rising China’s “offensive” in Latin America and the U.S reaction”. Asian Perspective 30 (4), pp. 95-112, 2006.
PU, X. Controversial Identity of a Rising China. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 10(2): 131–149, 2017.
QIN, Y. “Continuity through Change: Background Knowledge and China’s International Strategy”. Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2014): 285–314, 2014.
REN, M. “Global health and the Belt and Road Initiative”, Global Health Journal 2 (4): 1-4, 2018.
ROLLAND, N. “China's Belt and Road Initiative. Five Years Later”. Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. January 25. Retrieved https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-five-years-later/, 2018.
RUBIOLO, F. “South America-Asia Pacific relations: Belt and Road and beyond”, en Observatorio América Latina-Asia Pacífico (comp.), América Latina y Asia: entre la revolución digital y una globalización cuestionada. Montevideo: ALADI, CAF, CEPAL. [en prensa], 2020.
SCOBELL, A. & HAROLD, S. An “Assertive” China? Insights from Interviews. Asian Security, 9(2): 111-131, 2013.
SHAMBAUGH, D. China Goes Global: The Partial Power. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013.
SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST. Jack Ma donates masks, medical supplies to help coronavirus fight in Asia and Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3076319/jack-ma-donates-18-million-masks-medical-supplies-help, 2020.
SWAINE, M. Perceptions of an Assertive China. China Leadership Monitor, 32: 1-19, 2010.
TANG, K; ZHIHUI, L; WENKAI, L & CHEN, L. China's Silk Road and global health. The Lancet 390: 2595-2601. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32898-2/fulltext, 2017.
TOJE, A. Will China's rise be peaceful? Security, Stability and Legitimitacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
TU REPÚBLICA. Arrogancia y prejuicio perjudican la lucha internacional contra el COVID-19. Retrieved from https://turepublica.com/noticias/arrogancia-y-prejuicio-perjudican-la-lucha-internacional-contra-el-covid-19/, 2020.
URDINEZ, F & MASIERO, G. China and the WTO: Will the Market Economy Status Make Any Difference after 2016?, The Chinese Economy, 48 (2): 155-172, 2015.
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Official Launch of the Growth in the Americas Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/official-launch-of-the-growth-in-the-americas-initiative/, 2019.
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES. U.S. Statement on Taiwan's Participation at the World Health Assembly. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/19/us-statement-on-taiwan-participation-at-the-world-health-assembly.html.
VADELL, J. China-CELAC Forum and the new regionalism for a multipolar world: the challenges for South-South Cooperation, Revista Carta Internacional 13 (1): 6-37, 2018.
WALT, S. “Rising Powers and the Risks of War”. In Will China's rise be peaceful? Security, Stability and Legitimacy, editing by TOJE, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
WANG, Y & LI, S. The Belt and Road Initiative framework. In FANG, C & NOLAN, P (eds), Routledge Handbook of the Belt and Road, New York: Routledge, pp. 99-105, 2019.
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Publicado
2022-01-10
Cómo citar
Rubiolo, F., & Telias, D. (2022). La competencia entre China y Estados Unidos en América Latina: evolución, perspectivas e implicancias en el contexto del COVID-19. Estudos Internacionais: Revista De Relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 9(4), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p43-62
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Sección
Special Issue: China
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